The Glass Menagerie And The American Dream - 2217 Words

The Glass Menagerie and the American Dream The idea of the American Dream is a common theme in many pieces of literature based in the early 20th century. Tennessee Williams’ play, The Glass Menagerie, takes on this idea in its own way. The American Dream can mean different things to every individual, but everyone is striving for one things: success. For some, that could mean financial stability, whereas others just want a family or to give their family a better life. The characters in the play, Tom, Laura, and Amanda, each have a different idea of what their American Dream is, but do not necessarily take the correct path to achieve it. By using stage lighting, illusions, flashbacks, and symbols, Tennessee Williams dives deep into the minds and dreams of these characters, while also depicting an accurate representation of the 20th century American Dream. The play takes place in the memory of Tom Wingfield, as he recalls the events in St. Louis in 1937. The Great Depression is in full effect and Tom must work in a show warehouse to support his mother, Amanda, and sister, Laura, since Mr. Wingfield left the family years before. This was not uncommon for this time. In the Encyclopedia of the Great Depression, Dennis Bryson explains, â€Å"Children of impoverished families, recalling memories of family life during the 1930s, often remembered their fathers as emotionally distant and indifferent. Some unemployed men took up drinking. Others went off on long trips, looking forShow MoreRelated Illusion of the American Dream in Death of a Salesman and The Glass Menagerie756 Words   |  4 Pages The American Dream is what all Americans strive to achieve. It is the illusion of prosperity and happiness. The American Dream consists of three different elements, money, sex, and power. The plays â€Å"Death of a Salesman† and â€Å"The Glass Menagerie† are about families who strive to achieve the American Dream. These plays are a lot alike and they have more similarities than differences. In America, money can get you many places in society. In both plays, money plays an essential element. In â€Å"TheRead MoreTennessee Williams – The Glass Menagerie – Jim as a Representative of the American Dream and the Ideology of Optimism and Progressivism2306 Words   |  10 PagesTennessee Williams – The Glass Menagerie Jim as a Representative of the American Dream and the Ideology of Optimism and Progressivism â€Å"He is the most realistic character in the play, being an emissary from a world of reality that we were somehow set apart from. . . . he is the long-delayed but always expected something that we live for.† (Williams 5) – Jims first introduction by Tom as a narrator is a crucial one, as it points to the ambiguity of Jims character. For theRead More Essay on the Symbolism of the Menagerie in The Glass Menagerie1002 Words   |  5 PagesThe Symbolism of the Menagerie in The Glass Menagerie      Ã‚   Tennessee Williams play, The Glass Menagerie, describes three separate characters, their dreams, and the harsh realities they face in a modern world.   The Glass Menagerie exposes the lost dreams of a southern family and their desperate struggle to escape reality. Williams use of symbols adds depth to the play. The glass menagerie itself is a symbol Williams uses to represent the broken lives of Amanda, Laura and Tom Wingfield andRead MoreA Comparison of Tennessee Williams ´ The Glass Menagerie and Arthur Miller ´s Death of a Salesman1158 Words   |  5 Pages The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams and Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller are two of the twentieth century’s best-known plays. The differences and similarities between both of the plays are hidden in their historical and social contexts. The characters of The Glass Menagerie and the Death of a Salesman are trapped by the constraints of their everyday lives, unable to communicate w ith their loved ones and being fearful for their future. There are a lot of comparisons thatRead More Essay on The Glass Menagerie and the Life of Tennessee Williams957 Words   |  4 PagesThe Glass Menagerie and the Life of Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie closely parallels the life of the author. From the very job Tennessee held early in his life to the apartment he and his family lived in. Each of the characters presented, their actions taken and even the setting have been based on the past of Thomas Lanier Williams, better known as Tennessee Williams. Donald Spoto described the new apartment building that Williams and his family relocated to in St. Louis, MissouriRead More Comparing the Life of Tennessee Williams and Glass Menagerie707 Words   |  3 PagesParallels in the Life of Tennessee Williams and The Glass Menagerie   Ã‚  Ã‚   Tennessee Williams is one the major writers of the mid-twentieth century. His work includes the plays, The Glass Menagerie and A Streetcar Named Desire. One theme of The Glass Menagerie is that hopeful aspirations are followed by inevitable disappointments. This theme is common throughout all of Williams work and throughout his own life as well. It is shown through the use of symbols and characters.    I haveRead More Essay on Stagnant Lives in Streetcar Named Desire and Glass Menagerie1196 Words   |  5 PagesStagnant Lives in Streetcar Named Desire and Glass Menagerie   Ã‚  Ã‚   The Stagnant Lives of Blanche DuBois and Amanda Wingfield  Ã‚  Ã‚   All of Williams significant characters are pathetic victims--of time, of their own passions, of immutable circumstance (Gantz 110). This assessment of Tennessee Williams plays proves true when one looks closely at the characters of Blanche DuBois in A Streetcar Named Desire and Amanda Wingfield in The Glass Menagerie. Their lives run closely parallel to one anotherRead MoreThe Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams1534 Words   |  7 PagesThe Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams Tennessee Williams, born Thomas Lanier Williams, wrote The Glass Menagerie, a play which premiered in Chicago in 1944. This award winning play, autobiographical in nature, represented a time in which Williams felt the obligation of his responsibilities in regards to the care of his family. Robert DiYanni, Adjunct Professor of Humanities at New York University, rated it as, â€Å"One of his best-loved plays...a portrayal of loneliness among characters who confuseRead More Essay on the Use of Symbols, Tensions, and Irony in The Glass Menagerie891 Words   |  4 PagesUse of Symbols, Tensions, and Irony in The Glass Menagerie      Ã‚  Ã‚   The Glass Menagerie, by Tennessee Williams, is a perfect example of how Williams incorporates symbols, tensions, and irony to help express the central theme of the play.      Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the most dominant symbols in the play is the fire escape.   It represents something different for each of the characters.   Tom uses the fire escape to escape from his cramped apartment and nagging mother.   Therefore, the fire escape symbolizesRead MoreSymbolism In The Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams858 Words   |  4 Pagesaffected his work especially in The Glass Menagerie. Williams’s homosexuality made him be seen as an outcast in American society. Not to mention that homosexuality was not as widely accepted as it is today. The writing style of Williams creates a unique and great story. Tennessee Williams utilizes symbolism to express his themes throughout The Glass Menagerie. There are many events in Tennessee Williams’s early life that is similar to the details in The Glass Menagerie. Williams had a bad relationship

Analysis Of James Joyce s Araby - 955 Words

In James Joyce’s â€Å"Araby† a nameless boy who is infatuated with the sister of his friend, Mangan reveals his vain wishes and expectations as he tries to impress her buy purchasing a romantic gift. The unbearable crush that he has, lures him on a journey to a Dublin bazaar called Araby, to purchase the gift, but encounters obstacles that later on gives him a change of heart. Instead of realizing that he does not need gifts to express his love for her, he gives up instead. As optimistic as he was about his future plans, in â€Å"Araby† the nameless boy continuously gives us feelings of light and darkness. The short story begins with a description of the neighborhood and its surroundings. He uses dark and cold references when referring to his surroundings and mood, but light and happy remarks when pertaining to Mangan’s sister. He tends to use the settings as a way to demonstrate that. Firstly, he describes the street as â€Å"being blind† (107) and from that he gives us the impression that he is not happy about where he lives, and the manner in which the neighborhood is. He refers to the street as a dead end. He is not the typical teenager who is excited about new things, rather he gives negative descriptions that show cases how he views things. He says â€Å"The other houses of the street, conscious of decent lives within them, gazed at one another with brown imperturbable faces† (107). We immediately get a picture setting of cold, scary darkness unexcited place. It is obvious that he is notShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of James Joyce s Araby846 Words   |  4 Pages up so high. In James Joyce’s short story â€Å"Araby† he uses the voice of a young boy as a narrator and describes his childhood growing up in Dublin. Joyce concentrates on description of character’s feeling rather than on plot to reveal the ironies inherent in self-deception. The story focuses on the disappointment, and enlightenment of the young boy and the gap between ideality and reality which I believe it is a retrospective of Joyce’s look back at life. On the simplest level, â€Å"Araby† is a story aboutRead MoreAnalysis Of James Joyce s Araby 1336 Words   |  6 Pagesand derided by vanity; and my eyes burned with anguish and anger.† Araby is a short story centering on an Irish adolescence boy emerging from boyhood fanaticizing into the harsh realities of everyday life in his country. It undergoes through the phases of self-discovery through a coming of age. It takes place in Dublin in 1894 when it was under British rule. The boy in the story is strongly correlated with the author James Joyce. Young Goodman Brown was another story in which the ending results onRead MoreAnalysis Of James Joyce s Araby 945 Words   |  4 PagesJames Joyce portrays fanciful mental images from a young boy’s perspective, through his story of Araby. A young boy has a friend name Mangan that lives across the street in which he began to watch Mangan’s sister through the windows and he starts to develop feelings for her that lead him to go to the Araby Bazaar. These feelings start to give the young boy assumptions about Mangan’s sister from the way she makes him feel leading to having these idealized characteristics about her. The emotions makeRead MoreAnalysis Of James Joyce s Araby 1437 Words   |  6 Pagesthat is nowadays recognized as the modernism which argues that life’s existence is subjective, people are not rational in thinking reality is built through personal experience. One of these writers was James Joyce, who was from a lower middle class in Dublin, Ireland. In his little story â€Å"Araby† Joyce shows us that at the time period that reality is built through personal experiences because life is what we make of it. He goes along to argue that how life is perceived is viewed differently throughRead MoreAnalysis Of James Joyce s Araby 1246 Words   |  5 Pages16 October 2014 Araby – James Joyce – Critical Analysis - Revision The visual and emblematic details established throughout the story are highly concentrated, with Araby culminating, largely, in the epiphany of the young unnamed narrator. To Joyce, an epiphany occurs at the instant when the spirit and essence of a character is revealed, when all the forces that endure and influence his life converge, and when we can, in that moment, comprehend and appreciate him. As follows, Araby is a story of anRead MoreAnalysis Of James Joyce s Araby 994 Words   |  4 PagesIn the short story Araby, James Joyce provides the audience with a glimpse if 19th century Ireland seen through the eyes of an adolescent young man. It is this adolescence and the navies of the world that is under attack. Joyce masterfully reveals an innocence held by Araby by contrasting it with a setting filled with symbology that eludes to the hopeless reality in which he lives. Joyce injects a sense of unrealized bleakness for the protagonist by the imagery that he puts forth. â€Å"North RichmondRead MoreAnalysis Of James Joyce s Araby Essay2018 Words   |  9 PagesJames Joyce was an Irish novelist and poet in the early 20th century. Joyce was the writer of â€Å"Araby†. A stoty published in 1914, in which the writer preserves an episode of his life, more specific when he a young twelve years old boy. But was does the word â€Å"Araby† means? According to diccionaty.com, â€Å"Araby† is an archaic or poetic name for Arabia. In addition, the story is about a boy who falls in love with a woman, she is the sister of one of the boy’s classmates. The name of the woman is neverRead MoreComparative Analysis Of Epiphany, From James Joyce s Araby And The Dead1758 Words   |  8 PagesComparative Analysis of Epiphany, from James Joyce’s â€Å"Araby† and â€Å"The Dead† James Joyce elaborately portrays the complexity of the human male psyche through his protagonists in â€Å"Araby† and â€Å"The Dead.† Through the use of first person perspective, each protagonists’ true motivations and perceptions of reality are betrayed by Joyce, therefore allowing the reader to fully understand the fallacies and complexities within each character. Through the depictions of such complexities, Joyce is able to leverageRead More The Decline of Chivalry Explored in Araby and AP Essay1211 Words   |  5 Pagesuseful motive to win hearts of women for centuries. However, as society constantly changes, the effectiveness of these chivalrous acts has diminished. In James Joyce’s â€Å"Araby† and John Updike’s â€Å"AP†, this theory is explored, both telling the story of a boy whose efforts to impress the girl of their desires fail. As said by Well’s in his critical analysis of these stories, â€Å"Both the protagon ists have come to realize that romantic gestures—in fact, that the whole chivalric view [sic] --- are, in modernRead MoreAnalysis Of James Joyce s Dubliners1668 Words   |  7 PagesDubliners, by James Joyce is an outstanding example of how the use of point of view influences how characters and events are interpreted. Joyce writes the first three stories of Dubliners in the first person point of view, the rest are told in there person. Taking a look at a few of the short stories , Araby, Eveline, and Clay, it is obvious that Joyce s choice of narration as well as the complexity of how he carries out those narrations plays a significant role in the analysis of his work.

Environment in Australia †Marine Ecosystem

Question: Discuss about the Environment in Australia for Marine Ecosystem. Answer: Introduction The Ocean Territory of Australia is twice as big as its land and is quite diverse in nature. What makes the oceans of Australia so unique is that it has five climate zones, three major oceans and there is the complex system of currents in the many underwater seascapes. The continent has the largest seagrass meadow, Shark Bay and the biggest single reef that is the Great Barrier Reef. Half of the earths seagrass and mangrove species are found in Australia, and the area of mangroves is the third largest in the world. The ocean plays a significant role in regulating the climate. As oceans become more acidic and with the rise of sea temperature, there will be a profound impact on the global climate change. This essay on Marine Ecosystems in Australia highlights the different issues of the ecosystem and the various governmental initiatives that have been undertaken or are ongoing. Discussions include coral bleaching, extinction of mangrove forests, destruction of kelp forests, the disappe arance of mangrove forests, quality of water in the Great Barrier Reef, marine debris, conservation of sharks, and the mechanisms that are in place to prevent them. Marine Ecosystems of Australia Bleaching of Coral In the first few months of 2016, the Great Barrier Reef experienced the coral bleaching which is worst in the recorded history. Great Barrier Reef in the Northern Section of Australia which was considered the most pristine, the quarter of which is now dead. The first worst bleaching event happened in 1998, then in 2010, and in this year it is predicted to continue until the end of 2016, which will also be the longest as per record. Climate change directly affects coral bleaching, and the oceans are getting warmer each year as they are absorbing heat from the atmosphere, which is caused by the constant burning of non-renewable sources like coal, wood, and gas, among others (Climatenetwork.org 2016). The existence of Great Barrier Reef continues to be in the state of threatening existence, as long fossil fuel continues to burn. Corals become more and more vulnerable as they get polluted from the runoff from farms, which makes it harder to recover from. Scientists ma de a prediction that coral bleaching events will be more severe and frequent with the rise of sea tea temperatures (Depczynski et al. 2013). Australian Marine Conservation Society (AMCS) has urged the Australian Government to stop subsidizing the fossil fuel industry which is to a tune of $7.7 billion per year and makes policies to move the entire industry and domestic energy usage towards the renewable and clean source of energy. With the rise of coral bleaching, the Australian government needs to provide a billion dollar package to improve fund catchment repair and farm practices while reducing sediment and chemical pollution (Mann and Lazier 2013). Extinction of Mangrove forests According to Alongi (2015), Commercial fishers, conservationists, and scientists are all concerned with the large-scale disappearance of mangrove forests along the northern coastline of Australia. In the Gulf of Carpentaria, mangrove forests of 10,000 hectares have died along 700km of coastline. Karumba in Queensland and Limin Bright on the Gulf of Carpentaria in the Northern Territory are the locations which are worth hit. The dieback of mangrove forests is correlated with the extreme warming with sustained high sea temperatures and unseasonably low monsoon rainfall. Mangroves are more than a necessity for sustaining climate and marine ecosystems (Mangrovewatch.org.au 2016). For marine species, they act as crucial nurseries, which spend some of their time in the mangrove roots. According to Professor Norm Duke of James Cook University, a mangrove expert, stated that the mangrove forests absorb carbon 50 times more than tropical forests. The topic of d ieback of the mangrove forests came to the spotlight during an international wetland conference in Darwin, where the delegates urged to mangrove monitoring efforts as an urgent matter. To manage and isolate dieback events such as these, the scientists need to establish a baseline data (Reside 2014). The disappearance of Kelp forests As stated by Bennett et al. (2016), Marine scientists expressed concerns that in the southwest of Australia, large areas of kelp forests have disappeared and effects of it will be permanent. According to findings, kelp forests from Cape Leeuwin to Ningaloo, which stretched for around 1000 square kilometers, are lost. Kelp forests are considered as the life support for Great Southern Reefs, which lies around the southern half of Australia. With the disappearance of these forests, some of the most valuable fisheries in Australia, such as rock lobster fishing and abalone could face extinction in the coming years. Australia currently experiences revenue of more than $10 billion a year with the fisheries and reef-related tourism combined. Compared to global average, the oceans around Australia are experiencing warming twice as fast. These kind of dramatic changes are unavoidable if the current state of heatwaves and warmer waters are driven by climate co ntinue to happen (News | The University Of Western Australia 2016). Water Quality in the Great Barrier Reef As stated by Death (2012), the reason behind the attraction of Great Barrier Reef is its excellent water quality. The Great Barrier Reef is complex and diverse ecosystem but is also the most beautiful. Decline in the quality of water can affect marine animals, seagrass, corals and other necessary habitats while hurting fishing and tourism industry. Coastal ecosystems play a major role in the Great Barrier Reef as they not only control the quality of water which enters the Reef but also play a critical link between marine, land and freshwater environments. Vast areas of habitats that the Reef supports have been either cleared modified or infilled. Coastal habitat loss is concerning because it traps the sediment, acts as a nutrient filter for the water entering the Great Barrier Reef, and a breeding and feeding ground for marine species (Gbrmpa.gov.au 2016). The Great Barrier Reef Region will face an enormous pressure as the pressure on the ecos ystem increases with two percent per annum projected increase of human population habitation in Great Barrier Reef. Another major impact on Great Barrier Reef is catchment run-off and its associated quality of water, which will have a considerable impact on the change in climate. The Reef Plan or the Reef Water Quality Protection Plan has been taken up by GBRMPA or Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority by partnering with the government of Queensland and the Australia. The reason for the collaboration is to stop the declination and switch the quality of water entering the Great Barrier Reef. To monitor the long-term health of vital marine ecosystems and quality of water in the inshore Reef lagoon, GBRMPA had made a Reef Rescue Monitoring Program. For the GBRM Park, the management has also created Water Quality Guidelines managers to take action when the trigger levels go above the permissible limit (Authority 2014). Marine Debris According to Lawson et al. (2015), Marine litter or marine debris can be defined as the processed and manufactured solid objects that are disposed or abandoned of in the coastal and marine environment. Marine debris commonly includes food packaging, plastic bags and plastic bottles, fishing nets, and packing materials among others. Marine litter is harmful to aquatic animals such as marine mammals, turtles, sharks, and birds. It can also cause starvation through ingestion, internal injuries and damage through entanglement, and injury or death through drowning. Seabirds, marine mammals, and turtles can die or be severely injured by getting entangled in marine litter, causing smothering, drowning, amputation, infection, starvation and restricted mobility. Ropes, nets, and fishing line debris cut the skin of turtles and marine mammals, which leads to amputation or infection of flukes, tails, and flippers (Reisser et al. 2013). Many marine mammals confused marine debris li ke balloons, rubber, and bags of food and swallowed them, which causes blockage in their digestive system. The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) states that, fatality and injury to vertebrate marine life caused by entanglement or swallowing of, toxic marine litter has been identified as a key threatening process. Following consultation with stakeholders including local, territory and state governments, conservation and industry groups, the Australian Government made a Plan in June of 2009 under the EPBC Act, called the Threat Abatement Plan for the Impacts of Marine Debris on Vertebrate Marine Life. The National Approach to Addressing Marine Biodiversity Decline as developed by the National Resource Management Ministerial Council identifies aquatic pollution as a major threat to the healthy species residing in the oceans (Verlis, Campbell and Wilson 2013). It offers a coordinated national approach and a framework with actions and timeframes. Th is planning strategy will inspect the joint agreements' effectiveness with nations of other states to resolve the problem of marine litter, and its wildlife impact while evaluating new ones. Grey Nurse Recovery Plan and Marine Turtle Recovery Plan are two such plans identified for animal and marine recovery plans, in abatement strategies coordinated by the plan. The plan also reviews existing activities, conventions, codes of practice, and policies to evaluate their effectiveness. Other initiatives taken by the Australian government are National Waste Policy, International Engagement, and Regional Action (Environment.gov.au 2016). Conservation of Sharks In the study undertaken by The International Union for Conservation of Nature, it has been found that over one-third of the open ocean shark species are facing extinction. Sharks are often killed for their fins and meat, and the number stands around at 73 million each year. Despite being an old practice, the Queensland, and NSW government kills sharks in drum lines and nets (Environment.gov.au 2016). Due to the efforts put by the Australian Marine Conservation Society, the practice of cutting fins and dumping shark bodies have been made banned in all regions of Australia. The method was popularly referred to as Live shark finning." Sharks are the important species in maintaining the balance of the marine ecosystems, and removing a substantial number of them can cause a shift in the balance of the ecosystem which will affect the whole food chain in oceans (Muter et al. 2013). Mechanism and its effectiveness To address critical threats, the Queensland, and government drew up the Reef 2050 Long-Term Sustainability Plan, which delivers an extensive framework for Reef protection. It takes findings and notes from the Outlook Report, and 25-year management plan, which combined provides the most comprehensive and updated information on the administration and health of Reef. The Australian Government statutory agency, the GBRMPA is tasked with managing and protecting the environment, heritage values, and biodiversity of the Great Barrier Reef Region. Many Queensland and Australian agencies work in close collaboration with the Authority in the Region, to carry out its responsibilities (Hughes, Day and Brodie 2015). The Authority also strongly focuses on the stewardship programs and partnership arrangements with individuals, community groups, industry sectors, and Traditional Owners who participate directly in Great Barrier Reefs protection and management. The Ree f 2050 Integrated Reporting and Monitoring Program justifies the approach to Reef 2050 Plan's adaptive management while assessing whether targets can be achieved through actions (Gbrmpa.gov.au 2016). The program ensures the investments are emphasized on activities that will deliver results in a measurable way. It also enables advanced identification of changes and trends in the Reef's environment; notifies the evaluation of future risks and critical threats, and delivers management responses promptly. The program also drives reporting and modeling programs, integration and alignment of existing monitoring, coordination driving, to gain an advantage in avoiding duplication of effort, improving efficiency, providing value for money, and existing program investment (Normile and Dayton 2014). As opined by Dale (2016), the Reef 2050 Plan includes reporting on the effectiveness, and implementation of this plan will happen periodically. To improve governance arrangements for Reef management; objectives, targets, and outcomes are outlined in the scheme. The theme of economic benefits puts emphasis on maintaining and enhancing the economic, social and ecological sustainability of Reef-associated and Reef-dependent industries. The plan also outlines the objectives to develop a common understanding of the Reef derived community advantages. The development of a long-term economic and social monitoring program has been scheduled for the future. The plan also aims to make sure that the water entering the Great Barrier Reef is safe and clean. The themes and overarching vision take into account the heritage values of the Reef including spiritual, social, cultural, scientific, historical, aesthetic and natural values. Actions and targets to conserve and protect biodiversity over the y ears have been included in the Reef 2050 Plan. The program will assess track the development of the actions and objectives for biodiversity (Authority 2015). Coastlines and oceans are changing, and the world needs more leaders and best minds, those who will record the rapid changes, and make a smooth transition to renewable energy from current carbon intensive economy. It will pave the way for a more sustainable approach to this world. A clean and sustainable future can only happen if the blue planet starts recovering. AMCS is already working towards creating a brighter and better future. Conclusion The marine ecosystem of Australia is rich in biodiversity, which provides necessary ecosystem services and goods to people and marine industries. Climate change poses a significant risk to the ecosystems, and many ecological communities and species are observing the impacts. Though different government initiatives and research efforts have been undertaken to emphasize on the issues of the ecosystems in Australia, research gaps still exist in involving monitoring and review as knowledge changes with conditions and circumstances. Change of climate is currently impacting the marine ecosystems of Australia which are now manifesting in the northern, southwest, and southeast tropics, but predictions are that it will spread broad and significant, that will challenge the conservation management. Finally, conservation management needs to be based on ecosystem and based on the available information, no regrets adoption can be implemented for marine ecosystems of Australia to survive shortly. References Alongi, D.M., 2015. The impact of climate change on mangrove forests.Current Climate Change Reports,1(1), pp.30-39. Authority, G.B.M.P., 2015. Reef 2050 Long-term Sustainability Plan. Authority, G.B.R.M.P., 2014. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority Science Strategy and Information Needs 2014-2019. Bennett, S., Wernberg, T., Connell, S.D., Hobday, A.J., Johnson, C.R. and Poloczanska, E.S., 2016. The'Great Southern Reef': social, ecological and economic value of Australia's neglected kelp forests.Marine and Freshwater Research,67(1), pp.47-56. Climatenetwork.org. (2016). Australian Marine Conservation Society | CAN International. [online] Available at: https://www.climatenetwork.org/profile/member/australian-marine-conservation-society [Accessed 7 Oct. 2016]. Dale, A.P., Vella, K., Pressey, R.L., Brodie, J., Gooch, M., Potts, R. and Eberhard, R., 2016. Risk analysis of the governance system affecting outcomes in the Great Barrier Reef.Journal of Environmental Management. Death, G., Fabricius, K.E., Sweatman, H. and Puotinen, M., 2012. The 27year decline of coral cover on the Great Barrier Reef and its causes.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,109(44), pp.17995-17999. Depczynski, M., Gilmour, J.P., Ridgway, T., Barnes, H., Heyward, A.J., Holmes, T.H., Moore, J.A.Y., Radford, B.T., Thomson, D.P., Tinkler, P. and Wilson, S.K., 2013. Bleaching, coral mortality and subsequent survivorship on a West Australian fringing reef.Coral Reefs,32(1), pp.233-238. Environment.gov.au. (2016). Marine Debris - What is Australia doing - Home Page. [online] Available at: https://www.environment.gov.au/marine/marine-pollution/marine-debris [Accessed 7 Oct. 2016]. Environment.gov.au. (2016). Sharks in Australian waters - Marine Species Conservation in Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.environment.gov.au/marine/marine-species/sharks [Accessed 7 Oct. 2016]. Gbrmpa.gov.au. (2016). Declining water quality - GBRMPA. [online] Available at: https://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/managing-the-reef/threats-to-the-reef/declining-water-quality [Accessed 7 Oct. 2016]. Gbrmpa.gov.au. (2016). Reef 2050 Integrated Monitoring and Reporting Program - GBRMPA. [online] Available at: https://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/managing-the-reef/reef-2050/reef-integrated-monitoring-and-reporting-program [Accessed 7 Oct. 2016]. Hughes, T.P., Day, J.C. and Brodie, J., 2015. Securing the future of the Great Barrier Reef.Nature Climate Change,5(6), pp.508-511. Lawson, T.J., Wilcox, C., Johns, K., Dann, P. and Hardesty, B.D., 2015. Characteristics of marine debris that entangle Australian fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) in southern Australia.Marine pollution bulletin,98(1), pp.354-357. Mangrovewatch.org.au. (2016). Threats and Pressures on Mangrove Ecosystems. [online] Available at: https://www.mangrovewatch.org.au/index.php?option=com_contentview=categorylayout=blogid=26Itemid=300161 [Accessed 7 Oct. 2016]. Mann, K.H. and Lazier, J.R., 2013.Dynamics of marine ecosystems: biological-physical interactions in the oceans. John Wiley Sons. Muter, B.A., Gore, M.L., Gledhill, K.S., Lamont, C. and Huveneers, C., 2013. Australian and US news media portrayal of sharks and their conservation.Conservation Biology,27(1), pp.187-196. News | The University Of Western Australia. (2016). Kelp forests in the Great Southern Reef wiped out by marine heatwave. 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Why IQ Tests Dont Test Intelligence Essays (721 words) -

Why IQ tests don't test intelligence Psychology The task of trying to quantify a person's intelligence has been a goal of psychologists since before the beginning of this century. The Binet-Simon scales were first proposed in 1905 in Paris, France and various sorts of tests have been evolving ever since. One of the important questions that always comes up regarding these tools is what are the tests really measuring? Are they measuring a person's intelligence? Their ability to perform well on standardized tests? Or just some arbitrary quantity of the person's IQ? When examining the situations around which these tests are given and the content of the tests themselves, it becomes apparent that however useful the tests may be for standardizing a group's intellectual ability, they are not a good indicator of intelligence. To issue a truly standardized test, the testing environment should be the same for everyone involved. If anything has been learned from the psychology of perception, it is clear that a person's environment has a great deal to do with their cognitive abilities. Is the light flickering? Is the paint on the walls an unsettling shade? Is the temperature too hot or too cold? Is the chair uncomfortable? Or in the worst case, do they have an illness that day? To test a person's mind, it is necessary to utilize their body in the process. If everyone's body is placed in different conditions during the testing, how is it expected to get standardized results across all the subjects? Because of this assumption that everyone will perform equally independent of their environment, intelligence test scores are skewed and cannot be viewed as standardized, and definitely not as an example of a person's intelligence. It is obvious that a person's intelligence stems from a variety of traits. A few of these that are often tested are reading comprehension, vocabulary, and spatial relations. But this is not all that goes into it. What about physical intelligence, conversational intelligence, social intelligence, survival intelligence, and the slew of others that go into everyday life? Why are these important traits not figured into intelligence tests? Granted, normal standardized tests certainly get predictable results where academics are concerned, but they should not be considered good indicators of general intelligence because of the glaring omissions they make in the testing process. To really gauge a person's intelligence, it would be necessary to put them through a rigorous set of real-life trials and document their performance. Otherwise the standardized IQ tests of today are testing an extremely limited quality of a person's character that can hardly be referred to as intelligence. For the sake of brevity, I will quickly mention a few other common criticisms of modern IQ tests. They have no way to compensate for cultural differences. People use different methods to solve problems. People's reading strategies differ. Speed is not always the best way to tackle a problem. There is often too much emphasis placed on vocabulary. Each of these points warrants individual treatment, and for more information refer to The Triarchic Mind by RJ Sternberg (Penguin Books, 1988, p18-36). It is possible to classify all the reasons that IQ tests fail at their task into two main groups. The first grouping is where the tests assume too much. Examples of this flaw are the assumption that speed is always good, vocabulary is a good indicator of intelligence, and that different test taking environments won't affect the outcome. The second grouping comes because the tests gauge the wrong items. Examples of this are different culture groups being asked to take the same tests as everyone else, and the fact that the tests ignore so many types of intelligence (like physical, social, etc). These two groupings illustrate where the major failings of popular IQ tests occur and can be used as tools for judging others. IQ tests are not good indicators for a person's overall intelligence, but as their use has shown, they are extremely helpful in making predictions about how a person will perform in an academic setting. Perhaps the problem comes in the name intelligence tests when it is obvious this is not what they really are. The modern IQ test definitely has its applications in today's society but should be