Meditation :: essays research papers

My Personal MeditationI was very skeptical and cautious about the lesson on meditation. A few years back I had taken a course on relaxation, which I had found to be alone somewhat inspection and repairful. I was hoping to find another alternative to calm myself and quit the stress. Although I became disbelieving of meditation-I was proved wrong.After you told us to close our eyes, I had a hard time falling into the meditation. At first I matt-up uncomfortable and distressed. Thoughts kept revolving in my head and I could not get myself to let free. I wondered whether or not the never-ending gibberish you kept ingeminate was annoying anyone else. I was astonished at how long you kept repeating yourself without tiring. After a while I found my own method and it had worked for me. preferably of listening to your words (which I became annoyed with) I blocked out every noise, word, racket the surrounded the room. I completely tuned out from reality and flatten into the meditation. I did not realize that I had fallen into the meditation until after I came out of it. I felt like I had detached from my frame and floated away. My mind was completely relaxed and blank. Nothing like I pictured it to be. I just felt NOTHING No noise, no thoughts, I felt at peace with myself. It was hard for me to come out from the meditation because I had forced myself to block everything out and did not hear when you told us to open our eyes. Overall, it was a coarse experience and I found that it had relaxed me a great deal. However, I did not gain energy as you had so explained to us. I became very sleepy and peaceful. The only problem was that I had to go to work right after class. I work at a law firm, and being so relaxed did not help me at work.

key terms english :: essays research papers

KEY TERMSAlliteration - The repetition of the same sounds or of the same kinds of sounds at the beginning of words or in stressed syllables, as in on scrolls of silver snowy sentences (Hart Crane). Modern alliteration is preponderantly consonantal certain literary traditions, such as Old English verse, also alliterate using vowel sounds. Anaphora - The deliberate repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of several successive verses, cla manipulations, or paragraphs for example, We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills (Winston S. Churchill). 1.Linguistics. The use of a linguistic unit, such as a pronoun, to refer back to another unit, as the use of her to refer to Anne in the sentence Anne asked Edward to pass her the salt. Antithesis - Direct contrast opposition. -The direct or exact opposite Hope is the antithesis of despair. 1.A figure of speech in which sharply contra sting ideas are juxtaposed in a balanced or parallel phrase or grammatical structure, as in Hee for god only, shee for God in him (John Milton). 2.The second and contrasting part of such a juxtaposition. -The second stage of the Hegelian dialectic process, representing the opposite of the thesis. Apotheosis - Exaltation to inspired rank or stature deification. 1.Elevation to a preeminent or transcendent position glorification Many observers have tried to attribute Warhols on eviscerate apotheosis to the subversive power of artistic vision (Michiko Kakutani). 2.An exalted or glorified example Their leader was the apotheosis of courage. Blank verse - Verse consisting of rhymeless lines, usually of iambic pentameter.Caesura - A crack in a line of verse dictated by sense or natural speech one shot rather than by metrics. 1.A pause or interruption, as in conversation After another weighty caesura the senator resumed speaking. 2.In Latin and Greek prosody, a break in a line caused b y the ending of a word within a foot, especially when this coincides with a sense division. 3.Music. A pause or breathing at a point of rhythmic division in a melody. Elegaic - Of, relating to, or involving elegy or mourning or expressing trouble for that which is irrecoverably past an elegiac lament for youthful ideals. 1.Of or composed in elegiac couplets. Enjambement - The continuation of a syntactic unit from one line or couplet of a poem to the next with no pause.

Teens And Smoking Essay -- essays research papers

Teens and SmokingAbstractCig artte smoking is of interest to the matter Institute on drug Abuse bothbecause of the common health problems associated with this form of substanceabuse and because this behavior represents a prototypic dependence process. Inthe past few years the government has made all(prenominal) effort to reach the masses, inan attempt to curb the exploitation of tobbacco use, and its acceptance amongAmericas Youngsters. However, cigarette smoking among adolescents is on therise.The premise that the behavior of adolescents is influenced by the behavior oftheir parents is profound to many considerations of health and social behavior(Ausubel, Montemayor, & Svajiian, 1977 Bandura & Walters, 1963). Many youngpeople between 10-18 years of age experiment with smoking, smoking is apersonal choice, and usually exploratory in nature. Typically, it takes placein rather young people and is largely dependent on first, the availability ofopportunity to tie in the beha vior, second, having a fairly high degree ofcuriosity about the do of the behavior third, in finding it a way ofexpressing either union to the behavior or others (such as parents, oldersiblings or peers), forth, as in "Miller and Dollars" explanation ofObservational Learning, The Copying behavior effect.This research is to examine the effects of maternal(p) smoking (behavior), has, onthe decision of teens to smoke cigarettes. Due to prior studies using globalmeasures that may or may not include southeastern Eastern North Carolina. TheFayetteville/Fort Bragg area was chosen for this study to pinpoint the effectsin this particular locale. Fort Bragg and Pope Air Force foot have a verydiverse socieo-economic and culturally diverse population, which will have apositive effect on randomness of sample selection. With this tie-up inmind, this researcher is interested in knowing if there is a relationship ofParental influence on Teen Smoking within this military machine Commu nity.Introduction     The prevalence of cigarette smoking among young teenagers is a growingproblem in the United States, many young people between the ages of 10-18 areexperimenting with tobacco. During the 1040s and 50s smoking was popular andsocially acceptable. Movie stars, sports heroes, and celebrities appeared incigarette advertisements that ... ...ribution statistics will beused to identify significant differences between sub samples.References     Bauman, K. E., Foshee, V. A., Linzer, M. A., Koch, G. G. (1990).Effect of parental smoking classification on the association between parentaland adolescent smoking. Addictive-behaviors, 15,(5), 413-422.     Horevitz, M. J., (1985). Disasters and psychological responses tostress. Psychiatric Annals, 15, 161-167.     Hu, F. B. Flak, B. R., Hedeker, D. (1995). The inlfuence of friendsand parental smoking on adolescent smoking behavior. ledger of Applied SocialPsychology, v4 (3), 215-225.     Jessor, R. (1993). Successful adolescent development among high-risksettings, American Psychologist, 48, 117-126.     Johnston, L., OMalley, P., Bachman, J. (1988). Drug use amongAmerican high school students, College students and other young adults.National trends through 1991. National Institute on Drug Abuse.     Research Monograph Series, (1979). Cigarette Smoking as a dependenceProcess. National Institute on Drug Abuse. 23

The Discovery of DNA’s Molecular Structure :: Science Genetics Papers

Theoretical models for the molecular structure of desoxyribonucleic acid can be likened to scientific theories. desoxyribonucleic acids structure was resolved largely because scientists scrutinized the relationship between theory (a particular theoretical model of DNA) and observation (x-ray cryst eitherographic patterns, or bonding patterns between bases and sugar-phosphate groups, for example). Inductivists, falsificationists, Kuhn, and Feyerabend all have different accounts of how scientists have related theory to observation. These accounts are important because, not only do they delineate frameworks scientists use to develop their theories, but because these frameworks after became important in developing a theory for the molecular structure of DNA.The inductivist account of science recognizes five steps that are essential to scientific progress, and consequently, the husking of the molecular structure of DNA. First, scientists compile a large body of facts from observati on and experiment. Using the principle of induction, these facts can, often with severe crystal clear difficulties, be generalized to fashion the basis for a theory or law. Then, once a theory has been developed, scientists can use the theory as part of a valid logical argument to make new predictions or explanations of phenomena. According to Chalmers, the inductivist account has a certain appeal to it, namely, that all of scientific progress can be seen as the result of a linear, highly structured inductive scientific method (54). Its attraction lies in the fact that it does seem to capture in a form-only(prenominal) way some of the commonly held intuitions about the special characteristics of scientific knowledge, namely its objectivity, its reliability, and its usefulness (57). An inductivist account of the discovery of DNAs molecular structure aptitude proceed in the following way. First, early molecular biologists compiled a large body of facts from observation and experim ent, such as Rosalind Franklins findings on the structure of DNA based on her x-ray crystallography work. From these facts, a theory of DNA structure was developed. Watson demonstrates, in The Double Helix how one aspect of DNA structure was determined from factual experimental observations. In the b-model of DNA,the meridional reflection at 3.4 A was much stronger than any other reflection. This could only mean that the 3.4 A-thick purine and pyrimidine bases were stacked on pinch of each other in a direction perpendicular to the helical axis. In addition we could feel sure from both electron-microscope and X-ray evidence that the gyre diameter was about 20 A (110).

Detailed Overview of HIV Essay -- Biology AIDS

Since the onset of the human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS epidemic 15 years ago, the virus has infected more than 47 million people in the world. With more than 2.2 million deaths in 1998, HIV/AIDS has now become the fourth leading cause of mortality and its impact is going to increase. Over 95% of each(prenominal) cases and 95% of AIDS deaths occur in the developing world, mostly among young adults and increasingly in women.HIV can be prevented in legion(predicate) ways, but they are not always followed. People die when they dont play it safe. Thats why we have to spread the word on prevention. There are trey main ways that HIV can be spread1. sexual intercourse2. intravenous drugs3. blood transfusions (which are very rare now because all blood is tested)HIV is spreading like wild fire among adolescents because they dont believe it can happen to them. Sixty-one percent of 14-21 year olds are engaged in sexual intercourse. The problem we have to deal with is the spreading of this disease among our generation.Scientists are trying to develop a cure for the AIDS virus. There are terce parts to finding the cure. The three parts are1. To devise a drug that will kill the HIV virus once it enters the body.2. To create a vaccine that would prevent the disease.3. To educate people world wide about the dangers of AIDS and how to prevent the HIV infection.In humans, the immune system acts as a line of defense against foreign organisms in the body. Though the immune system functions throughout the body, its production centers from certain key organs in the body.Various narrow cells are produced by these organs and comprise the immune system. For example * Lymphocytes o B Cells o T Cells * Macropha... ...CR5. The CCR5 demonstrated fusion for all of the macrophages-tropic isolates but but at all for the T-tropic isolates, further supporting previous conclusions on the role of CCR5.Finally the researchers took a northern blot of C CR5 to analysis its RNA. CCR5 RNA was not constitute in the human cell lines that were tested. The human cell lines were chosen with the criteria that they were not susceptible to M-tropic isolates. Their test further supported the fact that Fusin was used as a receptor for T-tropic virus strains, and when the two strains were compared CCR5 and Fusin are the only fusion cofactors for HIV.Understanding these coreceptors is very important in slowing down the progression of the HIV virus. The HIV virus is irreversible and can only be slowed down. If they can learn more about how the virus enters cells they might be able to deter the virus.

Detailed Overview of HIV Essay -- Biology AIDS

Since the onset of the human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS epidemic 15 years ago, the virus has infected more(prenominal) than 47 million people in the world. With more than 2.2 million deaths in 1998, human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS has now become the fourth leading cause of fatality rate and its impact is going to increase. Over 95% of all cases and 95% of AIDS deaths occur in the developing world, mostly among young adults and increasingly in women.HIV can be prevented in many ways, but they are not always followed. People die when they dont play it safe. Thats why we have to spread the record on prevention. There are three main ways that HIV can be spread1. sexual intercourse2. intravenous drugs3. blood transfusions (which are very rare now because all blood is tested)HIV is spreading like wild fire among adolescents because they dont believe it can happen to them. Sixty-one per centum of 14-21 year olds are engaged in sexual intercourse. The problem we have to dea l with is the spreading of this disease among our generation.Scientists are trying to develop a remedy for the AIDS virus. There are three parts to finding the cure. The three parts are1. To devise a drug that will kill the HIV virus once it enters the body.2. To create a vaccine that would prevent the disease.3. To educate people world wide about the dangers of AIDS and how to prevent the HIV infection.In humans, the immune system acts as a line of defense against foreign organisms in the body. Though the immune system functions throughout the body, its production centers from certain happen upon organs in the body.Various specialized cells are produced by these organs and comprise the immune system. For example * Lymphocytes o B Cells o T Cells * Macropha... ...CR5. The CCR5 exhibit fusion for all of the macrophages-tropic isolates but hardly at all for the T-tropic isolates, further supporting previous conclusions on the role of CCR5.Finally the r esearchers took a northern absorb of CCR5 to analysis its RNA. CCR5 RNA was not found in the human cell lines that were tested. The human cell lines were chosen with the criteria that they were not susceptible to M-tropic isolates. Their test further support the fact that Fusin was used as a receptor for T-tropic virus strains, and when the two strains were compared CCR5 and Fusin are the only fusion cofactors for HIV.Understanding these coreceptors is very important in subnormality down the progression of the HIV virus. The HIV virus is irreversible and can only be slowed down. If they can learn more about how the virus enters cells they world power be able to deter the virus.

Business process reengineering Essay

This article is about business surgical procedure reengineering. business processes we can say is the core tasks that are carried out in departments in an arranging for the ultimate goal of delivering a product and a lavishly quality one at that and services to the satisfaction of the customer. Business process reengineering is the modeling of the existing processed to steer the governance towards erupt per resileance. This is not considered to be make over a long period of time exactly rather it is something which is done at once so in a way at that place is a change of the way things are done further the luff is to come up with a better way for a better benefit.Examples of business processes is the manner in which information flows in an organization,management, departmental tasks,, that is the gross sales and marketing, production, as well as operational and technical support. Business process reengineering strategy is to improve the business competitive advantage. In d iscussion is its scope and strength. In consideration is the size of the business alongside the composition of the market. Its main aim is improving the existing business processes and sees how they make a business much better than it was before.We can alike call it business transformation whereby the existing organization transforms the way change by reversal is done with a way of improving the services as well reducing the costs. It is alike aimed at adding value to the existing business processes and maintain the ones which are relevant as they are while at the equal time minimizing or getting rid of those that do not add value to the organization. The article also speaks about organizational civilization. An organization is a work setting which comprises of employees.These may be in different departments e. g. sales and marketing, production, and transport department. These departments are interdependent and they support one another in their functions. Their main aim is for the organization to achieve its goals and objectives. It comprises of employees who are the human resources. Culture in itself is beliefs, norms, attitudes, values and experiences of an organization and the people who work in that location. Organizational culture is the way things are done there.There is a trend of the way the management operates and the way people behave and the manner in which they work. An example of an organization culture is the role culture where emphasis is laid on the concentration on the task carried out. Teamwork is also is a type of culture where tasks are accomplished by a conference of people work together with a common goal. They however work as a tea m but this they do in arrange to achieve the organization goals and objectives as a whole.This is the analysis of the existing business processes in which case is the way tasks are carried out in an organization and work towards transforming them and implementing the new process with the aim improvi ng products and services that the organization offers. A group of processes are observed whereby individual tasks are allocated to a team with a wide range of expertise to accomplish with the main aim of achieving the organization goals and objectives. It is also aimed at improving the organization efficiency and effectiveness.The main aim of BPR is to affix an organization competitive advantage and a new competitive edge. An organization can achieve its goals a fresh through business process reengineering since it is as good as new. Cost is the outlay at which the end product is sold for. In cost strategy the consideration is to penetrate the market with a low price while at the same time offering the standard quality product and even better than that of the competitor but a lower cost. This will be seen to give an organization the competitive edge.The key issue is to maintain the quality of the product while liasing with all the department s in format to ensure that at all cost s the cost is stiffend from the marketing department to the production department. Cost reduction should be considered in all aspects of the organization and in the whole business process as a whole . this will enable the organisation to reach the consumer with a high quality product and a t a favourable price. Another organization process is production. This is the conversion of the raw materials into a product.The organization has a whole caboodle in which there is manual machinery which is used in the production process. Human effort is considered in loading the materials some of them onto the machinery for production. Efficiency is required in order to ensure that the product at the end of the day is prepared on time and also should be of the standard quality. At all times the organization should seek ways to ensure that the costs of production are kept at the minimum in order to ensure that the product reaches the market at a low price, in order to honor a competitive advant age.This is the calculating machineized use of machinery. The machinery in the organization is controlled using computers and all the production processes are computer controlled. This will ensure that the product is of high quality, speed will be increased since the machines work much faster than human beings. Efficiency is enhanced where there is continuity of the work being done as well as the uniformity since the machines do not take days off. This will ensure that the allow for of products in the market is constant and availability is enhanced.Supplies also can be made even on orders which have been made over a get around period of time since the machinery can be able to meet the production to be done with the minimum time possible. This can also ensure that there is a reduction in the cost of production where there are no many human resources required together with the expenses that go with them like health check cover, housing allowances, as well as pension funds. Cost re duction is effective, and it ensures that the product at the end of the day penetrates the market at a in truth low cost which will enable the organization to build a large customer base, and also expand its market share.This is a combination of beliefs, attitudes, norms select by people in an organization and the manner in which they work. It is best described as a collection of norms and values by people and groups working in an organization. This is a type of culture where efforts are directed towards a product or a service being delivered. it brings human resources together and also pulling resources together for the benefit of coming up with the best possible product or service.It is a team culture whereby a team is reinforced and it is assigned a certain project with an aim of achieving a certain goal and objective. In this culture the team is composed of people qualified in different fields of expertise and is marked by sessions of brainstorming where ideas are formed on ho w to accomplish the set task. There is also an element of friendliness, as the members all the employees working in a team have to combine efforts and hence each one of them is as important and hence they have got to form alliances. It is from expertise that power is derived.Team members have a scope of ideas which they bring on board and contribute towards accomplishment of the set tasks. The main aim is to reduce costs in all aspects of the organization from sales and marketing and other departments to production. This will ensure that the end consumer will enjoy a lower price of the product than that of the competitor. Cutting costs should be considered in all the organization processes. When the cost is reduced the product is able to penetrate the market at a relatively lower price than that of the competitor products.This will increase the market share as well as the gelt. When there is an increase in the profits the organization will also be able to run efficiently and be abl e to meet its consumer needs as well as enjoy growth in terms of better service and product delivery. This can be achieved through mass s production and distribution, reduction of waste and also a reduction of the market force while also maintaining a goal oriented team. This is the time for business process reengineering.It should be considered since it is for the better of the organization where it gets rid of obsolete business processes and introducing and bringing fresh ideas and ways of working in an organization in order to come up with fresh ideas as well as improve the organization efficiency in delivery of products and services. Organization culture plays an important role in the way an organization operates. It is very important that an organization adopts a culture that favours its goals and objectives and enhances the growth of the organization as well as ensure that it encourages the employees to work towards achieving the organization goals.

Marketing Management UBER Analysis Essay

1. IntroductionApplication softw ar has been actually popular as distribution platforms since 2008 due to rapid spread of smartphones all virtually the worldwide. According to a commercialiseing research done by Gartner (2013), there is an increasing trend in mobile apps usage worldwide, He indicates that 21.58 billion dollars of taxation has been made by mobile apps in 2013. Uber was established in 2009 as a digital platform that connects nag drivers and customer, by downloading the online application. Uber determines the location of customers and shows the location of the cabs nearby. one time the customer accepts to get a ride with push of a botton, the application is then authorized to take the payment based on the point of reference twit information that has been registered on a lower floor the customers name, without any further exchanges.Uber was established in San Francisco and has become the worlds about valuable startup in the past five years. Ubers latest market value has been determined as 18.2 billon dollars in June 2014. thus far, as a disadvantage of ontogeny markets, the entrance of Gett and Hailo in the UK market, decreased Ubers market value.The major advantage of Gett in this comptitive market against Uber is charging flat fees un equivalent Uber. Uber has a slew set dodging depending on the demand, go and distance, which is not a cost efficient way for customer.Therefore Uber it is not the cost leader in the UK e-hail market. On the early(a) hand surge pricing has persuaded more(prenominal) driver to work for Uber, as it is more in their favor so that, they will not begin to go with bad support conditions or give rides in the rush hour with the usual flat f ares.2. Audit2.a Organizational environmentThe increasing trend of smartphone usage especially in younger generation, technological improvements and increasing value for time perception established Ubers increasing value.2.b Ubers business baffleUber employs driver afterwards they and their cars contain been screened by Uber toensure comfort and safety of customers, Drivers are also given an iPhone once they have become a member of Uber. Uber drivers have soaringer income compared to tralatitious cabriolet drivers also they do not have to pay for the taxi l applesaucense and the taxes that black cab driver are obligated to pay. On the consumer side, after downloading Uber, they bum track the car as it approaches them on their as head as having some information about their driver before arrival such as previous reviews and ratings and their photo. Uber s pricing dodge is based on the demand, distance and the car type, incase of high gear demands or bad atmospheric condition conditions customers whitethorn have to pay a higher fee for their journey or depending and the type of car they request pr starters are different.Payment is done by the credit card information that the customer is registered the app with. Transactions are totally s afe and secure. Uber splits the ride receipts with the driver. Uber originally use of goods and servicesd to take 20% margin of the dealing between the customer and the driver, which is now reduced to 15% due to high comptitions with Gett and Hailo. Uber covers its Research and technology developments, marketing and employees expenses by the percentage they take on for each one transaction.Another advantage is that Uber does not own a fleet of cars so they are much less costly than their competitors, This low cost business model enables Uber to keep the large percentage of its revenue as profits. Uber grows by reinvesting in R&D and acquisitions rather than investing in cars or expensive infrastructures. In the spotlight of this information, it is possible to say that Ubers business model is low inventory, high transaction and high margin. Moreover, its business model is receiving the majority of financial support from Google Venture.2.c External and internal analysis of UberAna lyzing Uber from the resource-based view is crucial to understand private- reposeprise(a) advantages of it in London taxi hailing app market. Constraints imposed by environment nates have a big impact on Ubers strategic planning and marketing. Therefore, six external conditions (Political, Environmental, Social, Technological, Economical and Legal) will be examined in relation to Ubers business situation by using PESTEL analysis.Political factors effects transport services external environment in terms of CO2 e accusations and climate change. level off though Political factors are more in favor of public transport in order to decrease CO2 emissions and help with the climate. Uber however is providing a superior service comparing to their competitors for instance Uber is hug drugs hybrid cars, which is low in emissions and makes it easier for Uber to have some advantage when it comes to the political factors.Environmental factors such as weather conditions can affect Uber for ins tance higher demand due to bad weather conditions is evident. The price of thejourneys also increases when the demand is higher.Social factors including the change in lifestyle and high percentage of younger population using smartphones, indicates the customer needs, which brings them to the market.Technology developments have a major impact on Ubers business. Increasing single-valued function of Internet in peoples life is also crucial for Uber to make innovations.Economical factors such as recessions influence directly the customers budget, therefore their buying power. On the other hand volatile fuel prices can have a huge impact on pricing and they are also quite unpredictable.Legal constraints also have a direct impact on Uber. Governments have the possibility to ban Uber, which is already the case in Ger more, or even set new regulations for jade hailing apps such as Uber which can affect their performance in the market.In the next section we under take a SWOT analysis in o rder to analyze Ubers Capabilities, which enables us to determine the companys Strengths and Weaknesses as well as pointing out little terrors and Opportunities. It is essential in a agonistic market to be aware of the weaknesses and threats in order to be able to find solutions for them and also use the opportunities to gain more of them market serving and hence increase the revenues.Figure 2 Presents SWOT analysisStrengths which consist of internal capabilities, Uber was first in the market which creates a competitive advantage by high consumer awareness. One of the strengths of Uber is that, it has different alternatives for different customers. For example, Uber POP and UberX car alternatives are available for a cheap and unshakable drive, whereas if the customer is searching for quality it offers them the Uber Black Car and Uber SUV. Another strengthof Uber is that it has spread worldwide starting from USA. It has expanded through 200 cities worldwide. Moreover, the transac tions are easy, safe and trustworthy. It offers a convenient way of travelling for costumers.Weaknesses indicate the areas that could be improved internally. The major point that is considered as a weakness for Uber is that they do not charge flat fees whereas Gett, which is their main competitor, offers flat and predictable prices. Moreover, Uber drivers do not have a taxi license, which can cause legal problems by time. However it holds in galore( spotlightnominal) cities, Uber does not operate in rural areas, which can be considered as a weakness. One of the complaints that Uber is facing is the poor consumer service. Uber offers a surge pricing for its drivers and do not hire them, but find them through agents.Analyzing the opportunities in depth we can determine that the most influential aspect in Ubers business model is the fact that its a service rather than a product hence they do not have the high sunk costs that their competitors have to deal with. Moreover, being a mobi le platform and not having a fleet of taxis, which is highly costly, has enabled the firm to turn most of its revenues into profits. These revenues are made from transaction costs rather than production cost. Uber does not employ drivers, which in this case allows the drivers flexibility also permit Uber to employ more drivers.The most important external threat for Uber in UK e-hail app market is the decreasing market share due to competitors such as Gett. The flat prices of Gett and some other competitors are creating a disadvantage for Uber. Not having the proper taxi license is another disadvantage for Uber. aside from that, there have been many protests by taxi companies in Germany, France, England and other nations accusing Uber to be illegal due to the fact that their driver are not paying the same tax rates as other taxi drivers, and other taxi companies accuse Uber of compromising passenger safety, and undermining legislations which exists for them.CompetitorsAccording to th e statistics of market shares of taxi hailing apps in London, Gett with 20-30% of market share is the market leader, Uber with 20% shares is the market challenger and Hailo with 10% is the follower in the market. Uber as the challenger is in a position where they can undertake some of the facilities and services that Gett is already providing for their customers in order to be able to improve their service, gain more customer and consequently gain more market share over time.Outlining the competitive landscape is important to appraise competition and indicating the strengths of the competitors can give the company objectives on what can be improved and examine weather they can be implemented by Uber. According to national statistics from department for transport, it is estimated that there are 78 thousand taxis and 153 thousand licensed private hire vehicles in England. The fgures present that the number of PHV are twice the number of taxs operatng in England. 31% of total licensed taxis and private hire vehicles in England are in London from which we can assume that private hirng is a popular choice for Londoners.Analyzing Gett-Taxi as the market leader we can predicate that some of their most influential advantages areCompeting with flat and predictable prices People who take taxis are not usually loyal to a specific fault and most people would choose the cheaper option and Gett has the advantage by having predictable prices without surge pricing. Enables Advance booking Unlike Uber, Gett offers advance booking 2 weeks front to journey whereas Uber has failed to implement this feature in their app. Offers 24 hours customer service for driver and customers Uber has proven to be quite poor at follo wing through with customer enquiries.On the other hand the only major advantage of Hailo that we came across is the fact that they are the only company, which has a real taxi license for all their cars.3. Strategic OptionsAccording to Porter, competitive advantage is derived from the value a firmis able to create for its buyers that exceeds the firms cost of creating it. Utility of Uber can be increased by the following deuce-ace categories Service Reducing the time to strike customers when they need the service can enhance Ubers service. The cab and the driver have to be reliable and can abide modern and comfortable cabs for service. Personnel service can be provided with professional drivers, drivers must be trained to provide personalised customer service. Image Advertising, promotions on special days and to first users.Porters Generic StrategiesPorter called the generic strategies has three direction where the market can be segment or focused on peculiar(prenominal) path. They are1. Cost Leadership,2. Differentiation3. FocusThe Focus strategy has been subdivided into two parts Cost Focus and Differentiation Focus. (Refer below figure)The Cost Leadership StrategyThis strategy will help to gain competitive advantage through two main methods such as maximising profits by declining costs while selling for average price in the particular industry or growing market share through selling for lower prices, although still producing a even-handed profit on each change as youve focused on lowering the cost.The Differentiation StrategyThis strategy involves in creating your goods or services different from others and more eye-catching for your customers as well as to your competitors. Differentiation strategy can be achieved in a success way through good exploration about the goods or services, expanding upon and innovation of the goods or services, and the ability to provide superior quality products or services. This will create an inimitable image in the particular industry and on base some scopes will lead to be valued by consumers.The Focus StrategyThe Focus strategy is concentrating on specific niche markets through tactful the associations of that specific niche market and theexceptional needs of consumers in it. This can be exclusively low-cost or well-specified goods or services on that particular industry. This will construct strong brand loyalty among consumers. This will lead the market segment to be less attractive to the competitors. Ubers marketing strategy is to provide a premium service at premium price and have loyal customers. It aims at hip, tech-savvy customers whose time is valuable and who are willing to give-up the ghost money for convenience. The campaign of Uber focuses on the service.The ice cream campaign in NYC is an example of the difference in convenience and start out. Where else could you have an on demand ice cream truck pull up in front of your house delivering ice cream for few people? The focus is on providing an extraordinary experience for the customer and let them do the talking about the brand and the unique service. Uber is having partnerships with Virgin America, which offers Ubers points to its flyer members which increases awareness and credibilit y to their service. And Trulia is a real-estate company provide prospective renters a discount for up to three apartment visits as long as they registered for this promotion.Potters Five Forces Analysis states that business can be affected by some facts which are determine the competitive power of the business to drive in reality. The fact can be class into five important forces. They are Supplier power, Buyer power, Threat of substitute, Threat of New Entry and Competitive Rivalry.1. Supplier Power the number of providers involved determines the supplier power in the particular business and the exclusivity of their goods or service, their business strength and power over your business, and the cost of swapping from one supplier to another. UBERs suppliers power is high because UBER dont employ drivers, free-lanced drivers get register with UBER and get the training and the guidelines before start their self-employment.2. Buyer Power the number of buyers involved determines the buy ers power in the particular business, the cost to the buyer to swapping from your goods and services to someone else. UBERs buyer power is high because its amobile platform and customers have different alternative services like Gett and Hailo.3. Competitive Rivalry the number of capability of your competitors determines the competitive rivalry. When the business has more competitors, and if the competitor can offer equally attractive products and services, then the competitive rivalry is high. UBERs competitors are Gett and Hailo, they provide service in lower cost and they have their own drivers.4. Threat of Substitution the number of alternative options of your customers determines the threat of substitute. When the service or the goods has more substitute, then the threat of substitute is high. UBERs threat of substitute is high because in London there is many substitute such as tubes, trains, buses, and black cabs.5. Threat of New Entry the capability of other business can enter into your market space by starting up a similar business like you is the threat of new entry. If the startup cost is low in terms of capital, time, and technology the new competitor can enter in to your market easily. Ubers threat of new entry is very high because enter to taxi service business is very easy because the new business needs a simple mobile application and some free-lanced drivers.Alternative trade Directions for UberDiversification strategies/pathUber can focus on Event specific marketing like special events such as Valentines Day, Harvesting day, Childrens Day, Christmas and New Year days. Uber can provide special offers or promotions for its loyal customers. Personalised Car/Cab with the special trained driver for business people, celebrities and high-toned tourists. Market development Strategies/Path Expand the market with average pricing in nearby small cities and rural areas to attract more new customers. Initiating and developing new long term partnership wit h local hotel chains and airport local travel unit to provide transport service such as site seeing, and airport pic & drop totheir customers. Initiating and developing new long-term partnership with local schools to proved service for their students. Initiating and developing new business wing/unit for disable people to accommodate their transport need with the special features they need. Initiating and developing new long term partnership with courier service organisations like Royal Mail, DHL, and FedEx to provide their delivery service to their customers. Initiating and developing new long term partnership with local manufacturing companies to support their logistic service such as transporting to shipping, delivering goods to their customers, and transporting their raw materials for their production.4. merchandising StrategiesUber focuses on hiring local drivers in each city. They are trying to localize the company in each city in either aspect they see. The effect of that is building a trust between the company, the drivers, and the customers all together. After hiring local drivers, Uber give these drivers trainings and guidelines to teach them the Uber Way. They also provide their employees with a global chat room that they interact in, talk, give ideas and suggestions, and best practices are shared across the company. So by cultivating collaboration and building trust internally and externally, Uber is trying to gain a competitive advantage in order to increase their market share, therefor increasing revenue.Uber likes to surprise and delight their customers. For example they delivered kittens and ice cream in New York. This is on of Ubers ways to allow customer actions to go viral on social media and offline to try to send their gist to new markets in order to gain new opportunities. Uber uses a unique way in serving their customers. They have a special team whose mission is to make sure customers get their taxi when and where they need them in no more than 9 minutes.They created a referral program integrated in the Uber app. It gives customers the ability to share a special code between their friends, and in that way Uber can track how many shares made, which indicates the percentageof Ubers customers acquisition.Ubers Marketing Objectives1. Offer Better Service.2. More Reliability.3. Improve Customer Support.4. Unique Style.5. Provide Comfort.6. Reduce Frustration.6. Critical AnalysisThe SMART analysis indicates that Uber can have many ways to improve every aspect in the company. Their objectives are not time-oriented. On the other had, their objectives are all achievable and relevant to the companys mission. The analyses also show that most of the strategies and suggestions given are specific, achievable, and relevant. That indicates that Uber has many opportunities that they can benefit from in order to gain more competitive advantage and to operate better in the market.7. ConclusionOverall market share of Uber in e-h ailing market can be increased by implementing some strategies.The report shows that Uber has many opportunities to increase their market value, market share and gain a competitive advantage over their competitors. Looking at the analysis we realise that Uber has a very high potential in achieving their objective about gaining customers and eventually increase their revenue. Along the side of improving some of their services, following some of the strategies mentioned above and solutions suggested by us, proves that Uber has a high potential and can use the first mover advantage. Distribution channel of Uber can be improved by targeting other parallel industries and move customers into greater contribution. Branding image of Uber can increase its value by providing good service and the operating areas can be increased to reach a higher volume of customers. Moreover, the opportunities discovered by using the analysis might be considered as a useful way of taking Uber to a higher pos ition in the e-hail market in London.10. ReferencesAnon, How is Uber different from a standard taxi? getable athttps//support.Uber.com/hc/en-us/articles/201968463-How-is-Uber-different-from-a-standard-taxi- Accessed November 13, 2014a.Anon, The Business Co-Founder. Available at http//businesscofounder.tumblr.com/post/34572063959/lessons-from-Ubers-marketing-strategy Accessed November 13, 2014b.Damodaran, A., 2014. A Disruptive Cab Ride to Riches The Uber Payoff.Forbes. Available at http//www.forbes.com/sites/aswathdamodaran/2014/06/10/a-disruptive-cab-ride-to-riches-the-Uber-payoff/ Accessed November 13, 2014.Department for Transport (2013) Taxi and private hire vehicle statistics England and Wales 2013. Taxi and private hire vehicle statistics England and Wales 2013. Available at https//www.gov.uk/government/statistics/taxi-and-private-hire-vehicle-statistics-england-and-wales-2013 (Accessed 20 November 2014).Ferrell, O., Dibb, S. and Simkin, L. (2005) Marketing Concepts and Strat egies. united States Houghton Mifflin Company.Ferrell, O. and Hartline, M. (2011) Marketing Strategy. United States South-Western Cengage Learning.Winer, R. and Dhar, R. (2010) Marketing Management 4th Edition. United States Prentice Hall.GURLEY, B., Above the Crowd. Available at http//abovethecrowd.com/2014/07/11/how-to-miss-by-a-mile-an-alternative-look-at-Ubers-potential-market-size/ Accessed November 13, 2014.Hill, H. (2009) London Chamber. Available at http//www.londonchamber.co.uk/docimages/2519.pdf (Accessed 20 November 2014).Kell, J., Berlin bans Uber app, citing passenger safety concerns. Available at http//fortune.com/2014/08/14/Uber-berlin-band/ Accessed November 13, 2014.MACMILLAN, D., The hem in Street Journal. Available at http//blogs.wsj.com/digits/2014/03/14/Uber-and-lyft-insurance-now-covers-drivers-between-rides/ Accessed November 13, 2014.Mathieu, F., Francois Mathieu shared Taxi War Uber vs Hailo. Available at http//quibb.com/links/taxi-war-Uber-vs-hailo Acces sed November 13, 2014.Palmer, S., 2013. GetTaxi Some Real Competition for Uber in NYC T. H. Post, ed.Huffington Post. Available at http//www.huffingtonpost.com/shelly-palmer/gettaxisome-real-compet_b_3743958.html Accessed November 13, 2014.Think, B., 2014.How Uber Disrupted an Industry, with Karan Girotra, How Uber Disrupted an Industry, with Karan Girotra. Available at https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=kfA8wzWP02Q Accessed November 13, 2014.Uber, 2013.How Uber Moves Your City Forward with Innovation Uber, How Uber Moves Your City Forward with Innovation Uber. Available at https//www.youtube.com/watch?v=P2M0RD7bhYY Accessed November 13, 2014.WOHLSEN, M., Ubers Biggest Danger Is Its Business Model, Not Bad PR. Available at http//www.wired.com/2014/08/the-peril-to-Uber-is-its-business-model-not-bad-pr/ Accessed November 13, 2014. Porter, Michael E., Competitive Advantage. 1985, Ch. 1, pp 11-15. The Free Press. New York.

Cognitive Processes Paper Essay

Subliminal perception is believed to be effected by its based finding of mind control, weather its one person or group of people. Mind control smoke be used on a group of people without their awareness. The perception of this motif is to get people to do things that would not normally do. For instance, during the 1950s there was a message that says Drink Coca-Cola which attack many another(prenominal) people into attacking this harvesting or making them athirst(p) for a cold Coca Cola. This ad was used enter a person mind dapple making them thirsty for the item, because the friendship wants to sell their product (Pratkanis, 1992). This ad was used in distinctiate to send a subliminal message to the unconscious mind so they would try the product without knowing they were being control in to doing something they did not want to do. The company strategically is to mind persuade or manipulated each individual into doing what the company what the individual to without them knowi ng they are being brainwash into doing something new. Once an individual feeds into an ad, the subliminal message has persuaded several individual into trying or buying a new product. Subliminal acquaintance is a manipulation of thoughts, attitudes, and a behavior which is observes by their awareness of stimulus.Since there is some controversy, there is adequate evidence on how observers response can be affected by the stimuli in which they claim how they have not seen. The cognitive psychologist is not predominantly devastating, only when the media and the public has responded several times to the notion of subliminal perception. Most people do not think of being subliminal manipulation but we quest to determine whether the conditions are reflected within the product. So now each individual is control into purchasing these items without knowing how they were manipulated into making a purchase. Throughout the years subliminal perception has been used on many advertisements in ord er to influence each person to purchase their product weather they need it or not (Moore 1982, 1988).Visual perception is what we our eyes and brain does on daily basics. When looking at images we see them as a whole instead of in sections. Although, images can be broken into their optic elements, such as shapes, lines texture and color. These images that we see allow our eyes to focus helps our brain to get acquainted with the image, in order for us to transmit the information into our brain. Psychologist explains the process of the physical energy which is received by the sense organs. These sensory are converted into perceptions of sight, choke smell taste, and mend (McLeod, 2007).Since there are two different approaches of visual perception, the first approach is to perceive the constructive while approaching the pondering. The direct approach is to emphases the richness of the visual environment from moment to moment. Whereas the constructive approach is what could be consi dered the subsequent steps of the visual experience which include the roles of memory, imagination while problem solving the orb as we see it. Although, the constructive approach attend to focus more on the cognitive factors rather than specify the aspects of visual stimulus (Rochat 1999)When processing the visual perception their main focus emphasize on the top down interpretation which inherent the expectation of our knowledge while surrounding the information of the cognitive factors. Wagner and Sparrow (2004) talk about the direct bodily feedback from the visual perception and how their action is significant and appreciate to the three dimensional worlds.Vision is the majority plethoric sense in which we use for all information throughout the world. Once we open our eyes there is some form of light that enters our eye while processing this information to our brain. Once this information has enter our brain we see object and how they operate and they way they move. Visual perce ption has taken a different approach of perception, beginning with its lock of vision which serves as an active observer within the environment. The general induction of our current knowledge is to study the vision and its function (Wade & Swanston, 2001). Auditory perception has the capability to recognize and understand sound with explicit organs, such as a person ear. Each sound can exists in the form of vibrations which can travel through the air or other substances.Our ears can identify the sound of vibrations, while converting it into a nerve impulse which is straightaway sent to the brain where it can be distinguish. If an individual is deaf he or she has no auditory perception because they cannot interpret any sound. Although, when it comes to animals they can diagnose out different sound, especially dogs they are skilled in perceiving sounds of a very high pitch where as humans cannot hear a sound of that capacity. There are several factors that can affect the auditory p erception further than hearing any type of sounds.Our brain is mostly responsible for it many processes it can turn a large group of incoming noise into something useful and clear. Auditory perception discrimination is a process of being fit to know the differences between sounds however it is tremendously important to know the language of sound as if it was speaking different sounds. Among the affect of discrimination the foreground and the screen background is a significant part of auditory discrimination. Its important to be focus on the important noises so the not so important observe will not be so overwhelming to the human ear. ( Broadbent, 1958, and Cherry 1953).ReferenceMichael T. Swanston Nicholas J. Wade Authors Visual Perception An Introduction 2nd Edition. McLeod, S, A. (2007). Visual Perception Retrieved from www.simplypschology.org

How does Elizabeth Bennet contradict the typical image of an 18th century woman? Essay

The 18th speed of light women of Jane Austens pages and of her times lived a gentle, sheltered and delicate life. The rules of conduct especi all in all(prenominal)y in apprisal to women were defined and strict. All women were expected to be courteous, decent, fragile, polite, refined, modest and respectable, have good breeding, impeccable manners and unadulterated tender etiquette. Women were limited to rattling fewer activities- mainly drawing, singing and leap. They had to be accomplished in every instinct of the word. An accomplished woman must have a thorough knowledge of music, singing, drawing, dancing and the modern languages to deserve the word and besides all this she must possess a authentic something in her air and manner of walking, the t unity of her voice, her address and expressions, or the word will be half deserved. Such were the requirements that society asked of every woman if she wanted to hold a place of her take in in the marriage rat race.Elizabe th bennet, the twenty-year-old heroine of the novel Pride and Prejudice and the second oldest of the Bennet sisters, has all these qualities in her. However she is superior to all the another(prenominal) women that are presented to us in the novel. She is accomplished and beautiful but unlike other women, she does not launch-off at every opportunity. She is not a hypocrite or a schnoz like Caroline Bingley, or ignorant, idle and vain like her youngest sister Lydia or tactless and insensitive like her own mother, who is the butt of her husbands sarcasm. Elizabeth is the fast favourite of her father and has inherited his wit, experience and in expectence. Through Elizabeth, Jane Austen mocks the snobbery, hypocrisy and materialism of many volume like Caroline Bingley, skirt Catherine, Mrs. Bennet and Mr. Collins.Elizabeth is honesty aware of the shortcomings of her mother and her younger sisters. She is ashamed at her mothers embarrassing lack of refinement and discretion, wh ich are demonstrated firstly at the Netherfield lubber when she makes a premature public announcement that Jane Bennet is to marry Mr. Charles Bingley, and secondly, by her disdainful treatment of Mr. Darcy, her social superior. Mrs. Bennets lack of good breeding, intelligence and sense of humour is very evident. The solace of her life was visiting and news. She loved a good gossip, which is rather representative of a woman- 18th century or otherwise.Gossiping was a major pastime for women and we can see how fast information gets around town. Mrs. Philips, the sister of Mrs. Bennet, provides her with the gossip around Meryton. It was Mrs. Philips who informed Mrs. Bennet about Mr. Bingley buying Netherfield, the talk around Meryton about Lydias scandal and Mr. Bingleys return to Netherfield. However not all women indulged in gossip. We do not see Jane or Elizabeth interfering with other peoples business. If it was to be a secret, severalize not another word on the subject. You ma y depend on my seeking no further. Their attitude differs from their mother. Then again, it was a necessity for Mrs. Bennet to keep tabs on everything going around because any information baron help in race to get her five daughters married off.We can see the importance of marriage in the 18th century clearly by essence of Mrs. Bennet and Mrs. Lucas. Their main occupation is arranging for their daughters to be married to rich husbands. This desire governs Mrs. Bennets life. The business of her life was to get her daughters married. The immoral behavior of her youngest daughter Lydia is of no importance to her once the wedding had been announced. Instead Mrs. Bennets immediate concern is the wedding clothes which Lydia may buy afterward she is married. However Mrs. Bennets desire to get her daughters married off as soon as possible are based on scotch facts since they would not inherit any money after their fathers death.Wealth was the main criteria for a successful and secure marriage and that was what Mrs. Bennet, like all other mothers, looked for in prospective grooms. Love and happiness did not matter much or in fact, at all. As Elizabeths best con discriminate Charlotte Lucas put it Happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance. This was a very common attitude in the 18th century. Charlotte accepts the proposal of Mr. Collins, a pompous and foolish man even though she knows that the two of them are incompatible. However she is a practical and sensible person and she is aware of her poor monetary state and of her age, at twenty-seven she was considered to be an old maid, and thus was prepared to marry solely for the sake of money.This shows us that very few options were cave in to a woman in Charlottes position. She could either become a governess or a companion to a lady or just retain at home, reducing her younger sisters chances of being married. Jane Austen uses the theme of Love and Marriage to show us how the whole of a womans life turn around marriage. From the time she is born, she is trained and tutored to be a perfect wife. She is thought how to sit, stand, walk, talk, eat, drink, dance, sing, draw, and sew in the hope of securing a good, wealthy husband. Elizabeth Bennet is perfect in her manners, her expressions and her civility. just now I find her very different from the conventional 18th century woman because of her ideals on love and marriage. She has all the obligatory qualifications of an eligible spinster but chooses not to marry for the sake of it.Elizabeth remarks, One has got all the goodness, the other all the mien of it, referring to Wickham and Darcy. Here the difference between appearance and reality is highlighted. The ease with which even sharp people like Elizabeth could be deceived by appearance was a real danger in Jane Austens society, with all its emphasis on manners and breeding, and with its strict code of public behaviour. People like Wickham who could perform well in public we re judged on that rather than on their true characters. Elizabeths pride and her prejudice blind her to Wickhams faults and lead her to accept his slanderous portrayal of Darcy..She is tolerable but not handsome adequate to tempt me is what Darcy said of Elizabeth at their first meeting. This hurt combined with the knowledge of Darcys hand in separating Jane and Bingley leaves Elizabeth with a strong dislike for Darcy. Therefore when Darcy proposes to her she is stupid(p) and dismisses him to be the last man in the world I could be prevailed upon to marry. I think Elizabeths rejection of Darcys proposal a very brave thing to do because it would have been considered sacrilege, keeping in mind the importance given to money in the 18th century. She impresses both Darcy and the readers with her wit and liveliness. Darcy, musical composition maintaining that Elizabeths manners are not those of the fashionable world, is nevertheless attracted to her disembodied spirit and an independe nce of mind.However by the end of the novel Elizabeth accepts that not all first impressions can be taken at face value. We can see the themes of manner versus Reality and Self-realization being brought out.Elizabeths independence of spirit is show by her decision to walk to Netherfield in order to visit her sister. It is looked upon as a monstrous thing that Elizabeth Bennet should walk three miles on a country road, and Miss Bingley criticizes her exclaiming to walk three miles, or whatever it is, above her ankles in dirt, and alone, quite alone It seems to me to show an abominable sort of conceited independence, a most country-town indifference to decorum. She looked almost wild This sneering remark of Caroline Bingley shows us the typical 18th century woman mentality. Elizabeths behaviour is considered to be unorthodox and very unladylike since she walked, unescorted all the way from Meryton to Netherfield just to see her sick sister. This shows us that Elizabeth places her sis ter before any social rules of etiquette.Elizabeths affectionate nature is demonstrated by her culmination relationship with her elder sister Jane, whose sensitive and compassionate nature she admires. It has been suggested that Elizabeth and Janes relationship mirrors the close relationship the author had with her own sister Cassandra. However Jane is different from Elizabeth in her gentle nature, which is so pleasant and amiable that it is almost a failing delinquent to her unquestioning acceptance of others. Elizabeth is more outspoken and prides herself to be a good judge of character.Her perception does not allow her to be taken in by the superficial and two- faced Caroline Bingley and Mrs. Hurst who are proud and rich and make their superior social rank known. They are introduced as fine women with a decided air of fashion. To belong to a family whose fortune was made in trade was to belong to an inferior class. It is ironic to see Miss Bingley and her sister criticizing Ja ne for having an uncle with trade connections, when their own fortune was gained through trade. In the 18th century society, Miss Bingley and her sister are called ladies as they fulfill all the requirements they have money, beauty and are accomplished. But as Elizabeth notes, with irony, that they were in every respect entitled to think well of themselves their subsequent behaviour, particularly with regard to the Bennets is far from ladylike. Jane Austen here reveals the theme of Appearance versus Reality again and also shows us, through Miss Bingley behaviour, that manners are a better indication of breeding than birth into an upper-class family.The character of gentlewoman Catherine de Bourgh proves this point again. She is an overbearing, self-important, and controlling aristocrat who has a narrow-minded, unpleasant and selfish manner. She feels that her rank as a Lady gives her a right to meddle in other peoples affairs. Everyone is in awe of her except for Elizabeth, since s he attaches little importance to rank for its own sake. Elizabeth stands up to her and senses that she must be the first person to ever have done so. This shows us that Elizabeth is not afraid to stand up for herself especially when Lady Catherine attempts to persuade her not to marry Darcy. Elizabeths defiance shocks Lady Catherine who makes her reasons for objecting to their marriage very clear. She says honour, decorum, prudence, nay, interest, forbid it- all reasons which Darcy had declared that he had overcome when he proposed to Elizabeth at Hunsford.Elizabeths choice of love reflects her desire to find a husband who matches her in terms of character and taste. Elizabeths relationship with Darcy is beyond what any other couples share in the novel Pride and Prejudice. The sting between Elizabeth and Darcy is rationally founded, based on excellent understanding and general similarity of feeling and taste. Elizabeth likes Darcy for the fact that he has no airs about him and he i s honest, frank and very similar to her in character. Darcy in return is impressed by Elizabeth physical and mental energy and by her sharp wit and her susceptibility to laugh at misfortune and her optimism.Jane Austen uses Elizabeth as her mouthpiece when she says, I hope I never ridicule what is wise or good. Follies and nonsense, whims and inconsistencies do divert me, I own, and I laugh at them whenever I can. Elizabeth is like Jane Austen in that she is shown to be interested in the human character. Unlike other women of her times, Elizabeth has a good sense of humour and possesses the ability to laugh at herself. Austens sense of humour and intelligence allow her to show the reader the follies and nonsense, whims and inconsistencies, of her characters. The way Austen presents Lydia and Mrs. Bennet are a good example of this. She does this without being unfair, as she laughs not at them but at what they do. Her use of irony and satire are more serious she uses them to show mea ning without telling the reader directly and to make fun of things, especially those with social importance and meaning. The tone of Pride and Prejudice is light, satirical and vivid.We can still, despite the vast differences between her 18th century society and our own 21st century society, recognize ourselves in the way her characters think and behave. We all know people as cleverly manipulative and outwardly affectionate as Miss Bingley as self-involved as Lady Catherine de Bourgh and as charming but as lacking in principles as Wickham. We conceal ourselves with arrogance like Darcy assume we understand more than we do like Elizabeth and revel in gossip standardised Mrs. Bennet. And the very fact that Jane Austens characters are so relatable to makes the novel all the more readable. Her writing also appealed to me because of its simplicity. I do not mean to say that her work is easy to understand, but that she uses simple English.I found the character of Elizabeth to be very in tricately designed for she has timeless appeal. She is by no means perfect but is by far the closest to perfection among all the other women in the novel. Elizabeth is vivacious, teasing, sensitive, perceptive and filled with sparkling beauty and wit. Her dialogues are full of intelligence and precisely crafted often to convey subtle meanings. Elizabeth is Jane Austens best, most loved and certainly most popular creation. I must confess I think her as delightful a creature as ever appeared in print, wrote Austen of Elizabeth few readers have ever disagreed.Elizabeth Bennet contradicts the image of the typical 18th century woman who is born and brought up only with marriage in mind. She has a mind of her own and quite a sharp one at that. She captures and captivates not only Darcy but the readers as well. She has all the qualities in her that were desired in a perfect wife. But besides these she has a certain something in her that no other woman has. She is a woman far beyond her tim e and would not seem out of place in straight offs world, two centuries later. I think Jane Austen has really created a marvelous masterpiece, which will always survive the changing demands of literature.

Choose one case study and evaluate it from the perspective of the Behaviourist Approach. Provide strategies for intervention based only on this theory

AbstractThis essay evaluates case study 3B through the perspective of behavioristic psychology as identified by Skinner et al (1948). The subject in 3B is named Jethro, who is exhibiting signs of disruptive behaviour in school. His actions ar analysed from the view of the deportmentists, using much(prenominal) theories as classical and operant conditioning. Methods for guidance and improvement based on this analysis are thence offered.Introduction demeanorism is a theory which analyses human behaviour in terms of observable cause and effect, rather than mental processes. It advocates that humans react to supportive and electro proscribe wages of such behaviour throughout their lives nearly notably during childhood and adolescence (Mah, 2007). A behaviourist psychologist named Pavlov (1902) developed the theory of classical conditioning through an experiment with using his dogs. The theory then went on to get going one of the most vital mechanisms of conductism. This is wher e un- conditioned responses such as salivation at the sight of forage can be fit ind with the ringing of a bell that accompanies the smell of food thereby giving the dog a learned conditioned response. Skinner (1948) added to this by developing operant conditioning which suggests that positive backing and negative punishment are able to create similar conditioned responses overly. It has also been argued by Behaviourists that humans share this same primary psychology as animals on a fundamental level, and can learn associations between remunerate and consequence (operant conditioning) and learn conditioned responses to stimuli (classical conditioning) (Costello & Angold, 2000).Because of this how concrete and empirically-based the approach is, it is the most commonly applied theory to basic classroom dynamics as good behaviours are rewarded with positive reinforcement (i.e. good grades, a gold sticker) and bad, maladaptive behaviours are rewarded with negative reinforcement (i .e. bad grades, detention or naughty step). It is the simplest way to discipline a class. Shirley (2009) has argued that no lesson plan can work if there is no behavioristic psychology present. In shine of this, the analysis will look at how Jethros good and bad behaviours have been reinforced by both his teachers and his parents, and then how his watercourse actions have developed because of this. Any possible suggestions for intervention will then be given in order to re-balance his previous conditioning. Jethros Behaviourist estimationAt first glance, Jethros behaviour seems to be a product of a lack of reinforcement from his parents and teachers in both a positive and negative respect (Wheldall & Glynn, 1989). He lacks the balance that operant conditioning offers and classical conditioning can be used to explain the way he has associated subjects he does not enjoy with frustration and even aggression. It seems that neither parent nor teacher has attempted to positively associ ate a subject Jethro doesnt enjoy with a reward or method that he does enjoy (Porter, 2006). This can be seen from the challenge that is posed by adults that spark angry outbursts from Jethro. From a behaviourist view, this challenge would be seen as another negative reinforcement for his actions, as opposed to engagement on another level that may interest the boy. For example, he enjoys music and is ostensibly a creative person perhaps more creative lesson plans would put an end to his aggressive behaviour, as he would then learn a positive conditioned response to that lesson.A large-scale survey of teachers and pupils entitled The Elton Report (1989) suggested that schools biggest concern was that of low-level but high-frequency disruptions such as talking during lessons, not waiting, running in corridors and fidgeting. These are called TooTs (talking out of turn) by the DFE, and seem to be a very common occurrence in adolescents. Jethros behaviours are mostly TooTs such as rud eness, only doing the minimum required and lateness, and could easily be seen as avoidance of activities that he does not gain any sort of positive reinforcement from i.e. truanting classes when he does not like the teacher. Jethro does not gain any reward from these classes, and therefore does not seek to even attempt to participate because he has been conditioned to act out of turn in them and not pay due attention.It is also evident that musical stimulus gives Jethro pleasure. Akin to how the smell of food gave Pavlovs dogs a hard-wired un-conditioned response (McLeod, 2007), it seems that Jethro did not need to learn his response to music that it was always present. We can infer that his parents did not aid this response, as they are too busy to have even kept any appointments with his head-teacher. This neglect seems to have created these maladaptive behaviours, as children thrive on a token economy with a reward/punishment scheme (Cooper & Upton, 1991).It could be argued that Jethros parents neglect of his interests and behaviours acts as its own positive reinforcement of his maladaptive behaviours such as truancy, lateness and being confrontational. This would invent Jethro believe that these bad behaviours are in fact good or merely neutral. Without punishment from the primary caregiver, the subject will learn to persist in these behaviours as they go without consequence or even reason (Chung & Nolan, 1998).Jethro fits into the first group of unruly children as stated by the DFE the naughty and disruptive, but antiphonal group (DFE, 1994). This can be seen in his sometimes aggressive behaviour, but also in his enjoyment of music. His participation in his towns confederacy Action Week makes a good example of how Jethro does indeed respond to positive rewards and stimuli i.e. the act of playing guitar at the old peoples family line made him feel elated, or good whereas other subjects make him unruly (Premack, 1959). Strategies for InterventionThe ch ill-outs that Jethro receives from teachers shed light on his previous conditioning. Although they could be seen as punishments, they are not the correct punishment to give, as they fail to make a negative association with acting out-of-turn. Especially given the fact that Jethro is sixteen age old, in the midst of adolescence. It should be noted that adolescents require extra stimulation in their field of interest, as they are beginning to progress up the gain of learning of Blooms taxonomy (1956) and start to create more complex associations and responses as well as being more autonomous (White & Renk, 2011). In light of this, perhaps a harsher punishment is necessary to re-balance the boys conditioning, for example a detention. Arguably this could take place during music class, so as to conjure up the negative reinforcement of his behaviour.However, a schema such as this may serve to severely harm the boy if carried out repeatedly, as it is clear that he is passionate about music, and music is one lesson that he has no reported problems in. Care should be taken so as not to permanently handicap Jethros positive talents and create an even more negative association with every other aspect of school life. Although, if this punishment is reserved for instances of intense aggression, the strategy may prove fruitful.Another intervention strategy may be to actively encourage Jethro with more rewards for trying harder in lessons he currently does not enjoy. bearly, there are no signs of any attempt to condition the student into doing more than the very minimum required. Although he is working at his National broadcast age appropriate levels, the teachers are seen to only complain thereby further reinforcing his response of not trying. If teachers offered some sort of reward as fee i.e. being able to complete homework in class rather than having to take it home, then maybe Jethro would comply more as he would then have more time to pursue his music, for inst ance. After a while, Jethro would begin to associate going to class with positive responses and rewards through a teaching flair based upon classical and operant conditioning.Similar to the DFEs circular 8/94 entitled Pupil Behaviour and Discipline (1994) strategies should be implemented that kick upstairs respect between students and staff. There should be a token economy with formal rewards that focusses mainly on positive reinforcement for successes, rather than purely negative reinforcements and punishments for acting out of turn. Clear boundaries of acceptable behaviour are required in order to successfully intervene with Jethro and condition him to be a more respectful, academically-minded student. A liaison between home and school should also be encouraged to ensure Jethro adapts thoroughly as a person, not barely a pupil (Ayers et al, 2000).ConclusionIn conclusion, it is clear that Jethros conditioning needs to be re-balanced through a succession of positive and negative reinforcements, united with a reward scheme that congratulates good behaviour to encourage the student to try harder. At present, his behaviour is un-disciplined because he has not learnt the correct responses to stimuli such as adults challenges, work that he does not like and arriving to lessons promptly. With the suggestions offered here, these behaviours will change and make Jethro a more co-operative student to the point of altering his responses to neutral stimuli into positive ones allowing him to associate the aspects of school life that currently trouble him, with happiness and rewards.ReferencesAyers, H., Clarke, D. & Murray, A. (2000). Perspectives on Behaviour A Practical Guide to Effective Interventions for Teachers. David Fulton Publishers. ISBN-10 1853466727.Chung, C. M. & Nolan, P. (1998). Children with Challenging Behaviour Past and Present in the United Kingdom. Children and Society. Vol. 12.Cooper, P. & Upton, G. (1991). Controlling the Urge to Control An Eco-sy stemic Approach to Problem Behaviour in Schools. Problem Behaviour. Support for Learning. Vol. 6 No. 1.Costello, J. & Angold, A. (2000). Bad Behaviour An Historical Perspective on Disorders of Conduct. Conduct Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence. Cambridge University Press. ISBN-10 0521786398.DES. (1989). Discipline in Schools. The Elton Report. London. HMSO.DFE. (1994). Discipline in Schools, Circular 8/94. London. Department for Education.Mah, R. (2007). Difficult Behaviour in Early Childhood. Positive Discipline for Pre K-3 Classroom & Beyond. Corwin. ISBN-10 1412937159.McLeod, S. (2007). Pavlovs Dogs. Simply Psychology. Accessed http//www.simplypsychology.org/pavlov.html. Last Accessed 04/07/2014.Porter, L. (2006). Behaviour in Schools Theory and Practice for Teachers. Open University Press. ISBN-10 0335220010.Premack, D. (1959). Empirical Behaviour Laws Positive Reinforcement. Psychological Review. Vol. 66.Shirley, R. (2009). The Behaviourist Approach to Teaching in Class. A ccessed https//suite.io/rachel-shirley/1qz5268. Last Accessed 04/07/2014.Wheldall, K. & Glynn, T. (1989). Effective Classroom Learning. Blackwell. Oxford.White, R. & Renk, K. (2011). Externalizing Behaviour Problems during Adolescence An Ecological Perspective. Springer Science and Business Media.

Computer background

The booming industry of technology, one would naturall(a)y assume that computing machine literacy is non a problem. However, it is the case that not all of the wad have the fortune to learn the new technological advancement. It has been an issue that computer literacy has a big impact on a individuals readiness to find sufficient jobs. It has been a necessary requirement that one should have a certain backcloth on computer works. It would seem indeed that beingness literate with computers had been a forgone issue for a person living in this era.Nonetheless, the issue of computer literacy has always been present. The essential knowledge that a dichotomy of generations is take over present should not have been neglected. The problem that could be seen here(predicate) then is that not all of the previous generations have the sufficient information about computers and different technological advancements. Other people might have the opportunity to learn but others could not c ope with the advancement. Main reason for this is the issue of the socioeconomic status that a person might have.Learning to use computers would necessitate the indigence for computers in the home. Not all of the people though have the same opportunity financially though. At the rate of the fast advancement of computers, it would have been hard to be able to keep up with what ought to be larn.The main issue here then is the socioeconomic status that a person has. Learning could be done through computer classes but having the means to learn is the problem. It would seem that the major hindrance for learning is the monetary issue. But what is socioeconomic status? It is known that this refers to the status or background of person. It is here that a persons background that includes his/her occupation, education, in come along wealth, and place on residence (Socioeconomic Status) is scrutinized.In this aspect, there could be those who are deemed to be un rose-cheeked. They are the on es who are usually subjected to the harsh real numberities in this life. Those who could be considered poor then would have a deprived background. Those who could be considered well-off would have a privileged background. It could be seen here that not all of us has the privilege to have a relatively better socioeconomic status. The benefits of having a better status are countless especially when a person is determined. But determination could not always take us somewhere if we have not had the chances or opportunities in the first place.I was one of the fortunate ones. Growing up in a family whose socioeconomic status is relatively better than others I had the benefit of going to a good school. I had learned to use the computer through school and had the opportune time to practice at home. As a child, I did not think that computers would have to be relevant in my life since all I cared about was fun and games. Computer class was not considered to be fun and games in my book then s o I just went to class and tried my best to pass. As I grew older and childishness had deserted me, I have learned the real value of computer classes.I took it seriously and realized that fun and games could also be found in computers. My appriseers were drilling in me the basics of computer programs had effrontery me the benefit of being called computer literate. It is not an uncommon knowledge that computer literacy is highly favored nowadays. When I filled out my resume, computer skills or literacy was an meaning(a) factor. Offices now had long dispatched type writers and replaced it with the more convenient computers. In this time, it is believed that modernization would require the usage of technological aspects and computers are one of them.Computers have been a given necessity that computer illiteracy was a forgotten issue. However, this issue is still in circulation but some would usually shrug at the thought of computer illiteracy. The main culprit here is the presumptu ous thinking of the people. They have seemed to have conveniently forgotten those who are down the social triangle.I have come across with other people who did not have the opportunity to learn the ropes of computers let alone had the chance in ever using or skin senses one. This is not an exaggerated case but this situation usually happens to those who did not have the blessings that I had. This person had to stop going to school so she did not have the opportunity to learn the usage of computers. It was later when she had a family that she realized that her children might suffer the same plight.Although, it would not have been a problem for her since she had managed to conduct her children to a school that had computer classes. But her frustration came when she would observe her children in front of the computer. Her frustration stemmed out from the fact that she had to learn through her children positive she found computers to be complicated. Generally, a person trying to lear n would think it to be complicated but one could not blame him/her. In this case, the muliebrity did not have the opportunity and means to learn since she was busying earning a living.Going back to what I have said earlier, computers had been a prerequisite when it comes to job hunting. The greatness that the people had found in computers was due to the dependency that they have about it. My father told me that they did not have to use computers before nor was there a need to use other gadgets before. He usually frowns upon the great importance that people put on computers but in the end he had to learn. The company that he was working for made technological upgrades so he had to learn how to use a computer.Fortunately for my father he had the means to learn and he had his children to teach him. Others would not have been lucky though. Some had a hard time coping with it that soon new employees were easily promoted than them. The company would not always veer to do so not because they were not grateful for the loyalty and service but they had to do it for the progress of the company. It was a sad situation but it was inevitable.I think that the booming technologies would not be stopped especially when man thirst for a more unproblematic way of life. It could not be helped and possibly someday soon that what I know about computers would be rustic compared to the younger generations. The best way for me to avoid this is to accommodate the change and change as well. This change would have to be for the betterment of my status in life, work related or not.Work CitedSocioeconomic Status. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy. Ed. jr. E.D. Hirsch, Joseph F. Kett, James Trefil. Third Ed Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002.

The Rain Came by Grace Ogot

The title of the story is The Rain Came by Grace Ogot. The author of the story is Grace Ogot or correspondingwise known as Grace Emily Akinyi. She was born on 15 May 1930, near Kisumu, central Nyanza Region in Kenya. In achievement, she became the first Afri rotter wo while writer in English who published fiction by the East African Publishing House. Her stories such as Land Without Thunder (1968), The Other Wo gay (1976), and The Island of Tears (1980) provides the traditional Luo life.Most of her fiction stories atomic number 18 according with the customs, history and traditions of the Luo tribe in Kenya, which has the second largest ethnic group. The Luo tribe lived for most part near Lake Victoria. Her formal writing reflects the amplification of her formal learning with the traditions in her life. All her collections of writings reflect her personal love towards the stories of her culture. Grace Ogot passed away in April 2010.Character AnalysisThe main character or the firs t-string character is Oganda which means beans due to her very fair skin. She is the chiefs only newborn woman around at the tender age to married and also the protagonist in this story. She is a very traditional and great woman where she leading to relinquishd herself so that the Luo will have rain.She also loves to imagine her future where she imagined which man should be the best man to married. Oganda is very disap placeed on her people which they willing to provide her up to give. Lastly, she also a person who easily to give up where she never fight for her life to run away or hide herself but choose to accept the fact that she is the chosen unmatched and stool to be sacrifice.The supporting character would be LabongO. He is the chief of Luo. He has 5 wives and 20 children, among all Oganda is his daughter. He is the bravest man and a great leader of the village. He always holds his promise to the village where he promised would sacrifice himself or his family for the sake of the tribe. Other than that, he is also a loving father and loves his daughter very much but he could non bear the risk to safe Oganda.Another minor character would be Minya which is the chiefs fifth married woman and Oganda mother. She is a loving mother where she is not willing to sacrifice her only daughter. Grandmother has a characteristic of a protective grandmother where she protect Oganda by not allow her to leave her hut and listen to the truth that she have to be thesacrifice.Furthermore, Oganda lover which is Osinda, he is a very brave man and would will to do anything to save her lover. In the story, Osinda went into the blessed land to save Oganda and take c atomic number 18 of her until she wakes up from the faint. Kech is son of a neighboring clan elder. He is a very handsome guy with sweet meek eyes and roaring laugh but he is too short for Oganda. Dimo, a tall young man which is brave and a great wrestler but he is too cruel where always quarreling and ready to fight.The selfish one would be the villager, friends and relatives where they are so happy that the chiefs daughter have to sacrifice to have rain. They are also very nave, traditional and considers in animism where they believes sacrifice would bring them torrent of rain. Another supporting character is the little child which is very nave. The little child broke the silent and gives the earring to Oganda before she enters the sacred land. Lastly, Ndithi, the witch man and Podho is the ancestor of Luo.Setting (Place, Time, Atmosphere, Social Condition)The setting of place is in Kenya, near the Lake of Victoria. The time is drought season, where everyone in the village is anxiously waiting to attempt when it will rain. Besides that, all their cattle are dying in the fields as there is no water. The atmosphere of the story is very anxious, tense and confused. In paragraph 2, the atmosphere in the village was tense and confused. The social condition is people believing in tribal law where they believe in their ancestors as gods.The chief of tribe believes whatever the ancestors of Luo told him and sacrifices of his daughter is a must to the lake monster in order to have rain. In paragraph 7, let her offer herself a sacrifice to the lake monster On that day, the rain will come down in torrents. Let everyone stay at home on that day, lest he be carried away by the floods. In paragraph 9, but he continued, the ancestors have chosen her as a sacrifice to the lake monster in order to that we may have rainPlotThe plot applied the Freytag pyramid where in the exposition start when the chief come back from the witch man house and was told that his only daughter will be the sacrifice where his heart is totally doomed but no any other choices but sacrifice her daughter to the lake monster. Rising action iswhen LabongO declared that Oganda will be the sacrifice. Oganda feels very sad and the villager prepared a big feast for her before she went on the journey to the Victoria Lake.The climax of story is when Oganda goes to the lake and she is very terrified as she thinks that she has been followed by the Lake Monster and run, finally fainted. In the falling action, Osinda appears and comes to save Oganda and the resolution is the savor come and the rain came. ThemePeople generally are very selfish.The theme of the story is sacrifice for the benefits of others. Oganda is selected to die for the villagers benefit in which they will have rain. When one person is being sacrifice to the lake monsters, everyone in the village will have rain and they will survive form drought. The cattle will also not die.Another theme is the family ties. In the story, the Chief, his wife and their daughter has the affectionate soldering of love and care for each other. Labongo loves his daughter so much that he weeps as he knows that she is going to be sacrificed to the lake monster for the villagers. His wife also faints when hears the news of their daughter being sacrificed.Moreover, the belief in customs, traditions of the tribe is also one of the themes. In this story, the villagers of Kenya believe their ancestor as their gods and will pray for the ancestors for help. They believe that when a person, Oganda is to be sacrificed to the lake monster, rain will come.Point of viewIt is a third person omniscient point of view. When something happened to the character, the readers can actually feel and sense the feeling and emotion of each character because they have been told in detail while they are needed by means of the story. The readers know what the character thinks and feel. In the story, the reader can feels the sad and depressed emotion of Minya, Labongo, Oganda and her grandmother. Besides that, we can feel the happiness of villagers when they dance joyfully aft(prenominal) knowing that Oganda will be a sacrifice for the lake monster and they will have rain soon.SymbolismIn paragraph 16, they have been like three cooking stones whic h representsthe affinity between the parents and daughter. In paragraph 7, a young woman who has not known a man represents a virgin. ConclusionThe story ends in a adept ending in which Oganda is not being sacrificed and can run away together with her love ones, Osinda. Besides that, the rain came in the end. The story affects us in the province and the strong beliefs in customs and traditions. In the story, although the chief has dearly loved his only daughter very much but he takes his responsibility as the head of the Luo tribe to obey their ancestors and sacrifice the daughter to the lake monster for rain.I have learnt to be a responsible person and be strong like the chief in all obstacles in life. He takes his responsibility as a chief to bring benefits to his villagers. He has undergone a huge pain in which he has to offer up her daughter as sacrifices for the whole villages needs, which is the rain. He puts his tribe as priority before everything else as a leader and rep resentative. We should have personality like the chief which is responsible as a leader and head. It brings you as a liable and trustworthy person. Besides that, we can see the strength of the villagers in following their customs and traditions.The Luo (a tribe in Northern Kenya and Uganda) believes in their ancestor as gods. It is even stronger when they turn to their ancestors for help when in time of great needs. In paragraph 2, The chief had prayed daily to the almighty through the ancestors to deliver them from their distresses. The highest priority in their life is to obey and pleasing the gods (lake monster) and ancestors.It strikes us that the villages are following their customs and unlike most of the society nowadays that they do not follow their traditions and have neglected it. The family ties are very strong in this story. We can see it from the love and care of the three family members, who are Oganda ( the daughter), Labongo ( the father) and Minya ( the mother).Three of them love each other in which the father and mother are very depressed and sad when they know that their daughters life is at stake. In paragraph 4, Labongo did not care anymore. He anticipate the position of a simple father and wept bitterly. In paragraph 16, for a long time the three souls who loved on another dearly sat in darkness. It was not good speaking. In the past, they had been like three cooking stones, sharing their burdens. This shows that they are as one in spirit and their bonding is very strong. From this, we learn the importance of family love and being as one.

What recommendations do you have for Amberly as potential avenues for consideration?

The conflict with B&N and McGraw-Hill is a business issue that needs positive analysis as well as the accurate identification of the key players in the conflict. It is readily classifiable that B&N is trying to weasel out of the situation with the book publishing firm. On the other hand, the book publisher also blames the college bookshop for poor gross sales of their books. The university professors play a significant role in the alone process because they are the ones who identify which books should be ordered and used by students.Amberly should also consider that both(prenominal) book publishers provide incentives to university professors when they choose which textbooks to use in their classes. If for example, a significant number of professors choose a McGraw-Hill textbook, then the publishers would have a fairly good idea of how many books they would sell and the profits they would make. However, the college bookstore had not been performing with their expectations so the y now are charging a restocking fee which would make up for their targeted sales (Walter, Ritter & Gemunden, 2001).Amberly should also factor in the used book market which has significantly affected the selling of raw books. Since most college textbooks are already very expensive, students generally would prefer to buy used books and B&N College bookstore actually operates its own used-book division. Since the bookstore makes more profit in selling used books than young books then it would be in their interest to sell more of the used books than the new books.McGraw-Hill is actually forcing B&N to increase their sales of new books. Amberly should make it a point to provide an alternative root word to the predicament. Such as making it make headway how the university should deal with the issue, whether to review the terms of their agreement with B&N College, whether to ask B&N to submit a detailed sales inventory and make it clear what their priorities are selling used books or s elling new ones.And since the university gets something from the sales of new textbooks, it should also realize into whether they need to ask professors to requires students to use the latest edition or the new textbooks. Reference Walter, A. , Ritter, T. & Gemunden, H. (2001). Value mental home in buyer-seller relationships, theoretical considerations and empirical results from a suppliers perspective. Industrial Marketing Management, 30, 365-377.

Characteristics of the Accounting Information Systems

An accountant plays a vital role in any business one can even say they are one of the most prestigious practitioners. For instance, accountants participant in generating rules and guidelines, advising day to day business activities, and even decision making. While the IT and IS communities are apply frequently in many businesses, they are not the founders of the characteristics of useful information. The key reason behind this is referable to the fact that accountants are the users of IS and IT communities.As being the primary users, one can expect the characteristics, rules, and guidelines for an information system to be designed by the accountants themselves. In a broader view, accountants can assume three roles designer, user, and auditor (Gelinas, Dull 27). As a designer, the accountant can offer its knowledge of various principles (accounting principles and auditing principles), and various methods and techniques (information system and system development).In aim an accounti ng information system (AIS), the accountant can answer various questions that relate back to the 7 characteristics of useful information systems. Some questions may include What result be recorded and how willing proceeding be recorded? When will the transaction be recorded and when will they be reported? What controls will be necessary to provide valid, accurate, and complete records? How much detail will reports need? (Gelinas, Dull 27). If accountants did not design the AIS then these questions may be left unanswered without their expertise.Accountants carry through many functions in an formation such as a clerk, controller, treasurer, tax specialist, and financial analyst (Gelinas, Dull 27). Therefore, it is necessary for them to use the AIS to perform their duties. As a user, it is imperative for the accountant to participant in the AIS process to mother sure it contains the ask features. In addition, knowing how to use the AIS technology would be very beneficial in wor king efficaciously and efficiently. For example, a financial analyst would need to know how to store the data and access it, and how to present the information.Finally, as an auditor, one of their main interests in the AIS is the reliability of the data. Without reliability, auditors cannot provide an opinion on the effectiveness and efficiency on internal controls (Brazel 38). Accountants will remain the main users and as a user, an auditor as well. With the seven characteristics in mind, could they have evolved from the past? With technology not being as easily accessible as in todays accounting world, one can assume that information was not as relevant, reliable, seasonable, or accessible.In relation, modern technology is so efficient in todays world therefore the ascend of information can be quickly exchanged at any time. For example, Internet has allowed companies to send reports crossways the globe at any given time. This ability gives accountants easy access to information and timely information. Without timely information, relevant and reliable information would be impossible. However, one possible disadvantage in todays accounting world may be the relevance of the data. With such easy access to information, it can be more difficult to narrow down that information to its essence.Having too much information can make AIS more difficult to understand and increase uncertainty. Without being able to understand the AIS, an accountant cannot verify the same information. All these characteristics come hand in hand if one characteristic fails then other characteristics will be affected. Although todays accounting world has greatly shifted from the past, one cannot deny that the accounting residential area has always had a major impact in generating the characteristics of useful information.Older accounting communities created the building blocks of the characteristics. Technology notwithstanding enhanced the flow of information and efficiency. Accounts wi ll remain the designer, user, and auditors of the AIS. execute Cited Brazel, Joseph. How Do Financial Statement Auditors and IT Auditors Work Together? The CPA Journal (2008) 38-41. Print. Gelinas, Ulric J. , Richard B. Dull, and Patrick R. Wheeler. Chapter 1 Introduction to Accounting Information System. Accounting Information Systems. Mason, OH South-Western Cengage Learning, 2012. 27-28. Print.