Human Knowledge Essay Example for Free

Human Knowledge EssayAny wiz writes at adept guide or a nonher in his lifetime to sh atomic number 18 his or her inhabits, ideas, perceptions, situations, and smirchs of view. Some write everyday in their private diaries to capture their memories. Others write to give way to the expression of their emotions, sometimes, pent up, a fond memory, thoughts, or aspirations, even frustrations. If association is knowing and meeting gained through experience then ain essays pose one of the rich stems, if not the fountainhead, of friendship which brings us to the stance of this discourse. The individualisedized and highly prejudiced approach of the personal essay is not merely keeping moreover definitely, it adds much to the computer storage of human fellowship. There are two bases for the drive stead argument. Firstly, important terms, as they have bearing on the issue, are explained or delineate where this discourse attempts to build this position and view on the i nfixed approach of personal essays as a big contributor to the stock of knowledge.Secondly, Hss discussion on the sources of knowledge (Hs n. d. ) not only supplements the brain of the terms but builds a strong building framework for this argument. On the overall, an understanding of the working definitions of knowledge and personal essays serves as the springboard for the discussion at hand. Subordinated to knowledge and personal essays are the words subjective and entertaining.Knowledge whitethorn be understood as defined in several ways but not limited to the following the fact or terminal figure of knowing something with familiarity gained through experience or association acquaintance with or understanding of a science, art, or technique the fact or condition of being aware of something the range of ones knowledge or understanding the fact or condition of having in governance or of being learned the sum of what is known and the body of truth, information, and principles acq uired by humankind and applies to facts or ideas acquired by study, investigation, observation, or experience (Merriam Webster n.d. ). Moreover, knowledge refers to the state or fact of knowing familiarity, awareness, or understanding gained through experience or study the sum or range of what has been perceived, discovered, or learned learning and item information closely something (Houghton Mifflin 2000). The accumulation of all possible information in every discipline raw makes up the stock of human knowledge. On the other hand, the personal essay is one where the generator speaks from his or her own personal perspective closely fair any thinkable or unthinkable, imaginable or unimaginable (such as fictions) topic emotions, experiences, places, events, things, animals, etc. A personal essay is very personal to the writer in that it relates to ones private life rather than anyone else. In this sense, it is to a high utmost detail, intimate and maybe found peculiar, but hig hly subjective. To be subjective is to be biased and one-sided.In the case of a personal essay, the writer has some biases with reference to any particular topic because he or she writes from how he or she views things in the environment. That is what makes personal essays highly subjective and all along comporting that personal touch. These musical compositions become amusing or enjoyable, or contextually, entertaining to the readers on account of an experience where they become vicariously involved. Knowledge (and the accumulation of it) as understood from its given definitions are functions well fulfilled by personal essays.Hs listed and explained the five sources and the ways by which knowledge is gained (Hs n. d. ) people, give-and-takes, experience, experimentation and observation, and thinking and pondering. All of these sources heavily point to or at least allude to the voluminous personal essays. First, people, Hs declares are the biggest source of knowledge for anybody because for one reason, some peoples varied experiences can make enough experience in that palm of view from which others may derive lessons from as a consequence of reading them.Since personal essays are highly subjective dwelling on personal anecdotes, it is not surprising that they are saturated with the first person pronoun I in the process of the narration (Cavallari n. d. ). These experiences as expressed through personal essays may affect the lives of others either giving inspiration or altering some of your core values and outlook of life (Oz Essays n. d. ). The things to learn from these numerous people experiences include also their achievements, frustrations, failures, miseries, mistakes, and skills.Furthermore, personal essays make their writer ask themselves what experience has taught them close themselves (Editors for Students n. d. ). And that from the personal stories grows out the points of the experience (Composition Patterns n. d. ). The lessons in life are paramount to the increase of ones knowledge. Second, reading as much as many books about any topic is another source of knowledge. Take for instance a particular example cited by the author, Hs. The same problem that one may be confronted with must have similarly confronted others.By reading how others dealt with the same problem readiness just instantly give the solution as used by others. Though not so relate but contextually relevant is the old saying that there is no frigate like a book where the reader is able to travel and see the wonders of the world through the eyes of those who undertook the travels and wrote about them. Third, it is align that experience is a great teacher according to Hs because mistakes are corrected and achievements are gained through lessons derived from past experiences not just your own but others as well.No matter how rhetoric but it is undeniably true that the best lessons in past experiences tells us that the present must learn from the past to make the present better and plan out for the best future. Fourth, experimentation and observation add to the stock of human knowledge by attempting at finding out, through ones efforts and those of others through their writings, which attempts succeed that readers might carry on and which attempts fail that they might avoid in their own ventures.Watchfulness and keen observation of others approaches to particular situations is a sure way to gain knowledge that can be applied when the situation arises that calls for divert actions. What best observations can be had than reading from the personal essays of many people that one cannot possibly physically do all? Fifth, by thinking and pondering on what have been read such as personal essays can lead to a deep understanding of any topic. Take the case of personal essays of uncountable number on How To like How to Become a Millionaire, How to Study Effectively, How to Win an Election, How to Deal with Stress, and many more.They are gen erally taken from individuals own experiences and insights that are shared to the readers. From these personal essays are skills or strategies learned that might as well work for the readers own successes. They are not necessarily products of empirical studies worked out from prototype populations. Are they not importantly contributing to the stock of human knowledge? The process and later the formation of the habit of writing makes the individual primarily knowledgeable in many ways and secondarily getting the appropriate skills in communicative writing.Writing from personal experiences and incidents is actually mirroring ones self as the lesson emerges from life experiences. Then, they develop the skill to reflect on the intrapersonal and develop the skill to write which is in itself a knowledge earned usable at any point in time especially in the academe. The readers, on the other hand, learn to write and improve, in some cases, hone their skills on the styles of writing found on the personal essays of others. The teaching experience of Andrea Sarvady is an interesting case in point.In an interview with an pedagog (Sarvady 2007) in a school in Atlanta, Georgia, Sarvady emphasized that requiring and training her 7th and 8th grade students in writing personal essays makes them become better writers and become better people. Writing just about anything from fiction to non-fiction, Andrea believes that the two-year personal essay writing program she does with her students is to a certain extent remedial but more importantly, she claims it helps a lot of kids look at their own life a small(a) more closely at an age where impulse controls issues are so huge. The process and the progress to proper better people is no doubt a consequence of knowledge earned. It is easy to contradict the intuitive feeling that personal essays are simply entertaining but does not do much to add to the stock of human knowledge. On the contrary, personal essays have much to of fer to the formation of the stock of human knowledge while certainly entertaining at the same time. The argument with focus on science as a discipline, (Crichton n. d.) carries some truth when he said that the personal and subjective approach to essay writing entertains the reader, which adds little in comparison to the attainment of human knowledge. However, at the same time he was rather negating his position when he said that peoples understanding of the world when it grows, expands and then adds to the collective work once accredited and accepted as plausible, it advances the stockpile of human knowledge through the dispersal of faculty member essays. In effect personal essays, although a subjective view of an objective knowledge, cannot be denied that however little, they throw up in to the stock of human knowledge. Going further to the argument, human knowledge as based on the five sources of knowledge being the framework for this treatise are largely derived nowhere else but from people where many of their experiences are captured through their written texts as in books narrating their own experiences and observations of others that they ponder on bringing about a deeper understanding of any subject matter.As a consequence, experiences of people first handedly accumulate to significantly contribute to the stock of human knowledge. Personal essays are written experiences of individuals to share their thoughts, insights, points of view, emotions, skills and abilities, ideas, usually bringing home to a point usually a lesson as a consequence of the experience (Editors for Students n. d. ). People onerous out new ways of cooking, through experimentations and observations, are collected into cookery books.Similarly, innovative ways of doing internal home designs are collected into magazines and books on home designing shared by countless others. decorate and gardening are available in many books from the ideas of many creative individuals. Skills honi ng activities in any field of interest are available in books and magazines. Many researches utilize the interview instruments which are generally derived from interviews of veritable people eliciting from their own experiences. From this wide array of information, generalizations are made into principles, theories, and concepts.The amalgam of experiences and observations found and shared in personal essays accruing make up the colossal stock of human knowledge more than just entertain readers. List of References Cavallari, D. What is a Personal Essay online Available from http//www. wisegeek. com/what-is-a-personal-essay. htm June 4, 2009 Crichton, A. A Subjective Look on objective Knowledgeonline Available from http//philosopherzone. com/philosophy/a-subjective-look-on-objective-knowledge/ June 2, 2009Editors for Students The Personal Essay Essay Writing Tip 6 online available from http//www. editorsfor students. com/personalessay. hypertext mark-up language June 3, 2009 Hough ton Mifflin Company(2003). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Languag, 4th ed online Available from http//www. thefreemental lexicon. com/knowledge June 3, 2009 Hs, S. Sources Of Knowledge How To come along Knowledge In Any Field online Available from http//ezinearticles. com/? Sources-Of-KnowledgeHow-To-Gain-Knowledge-In-Any-Fieldid=500120 June 4 2009Merriam-Websters Online Dictionary online Available from http//www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/knowledge June 3, 2009 Personal Essays in the Classroom (March 28, 2007) online Available from http//www. visualthesaurus. com/cm/teachersatwork/735/ June 4, 2009 Interview Oz Essay Personal examine Essayonline Available from http//www. ozessay. com. au/personal_experience_essay. html June 2, 2009 Composition Patterns The Personal Essay online Available from http//grammar. ccc. commnet. edu/GRAMMAR/composition/personal. htm June 2, 2009

Joseph Conrad was a bloody racist Essay Example for Free

Joseph Conrad was a bloody racist turn outThis is the quote The conquest of the earth, which mostly means taking it away from those who have a different complexion or slightly flatter noses than ourselves, is not a pretty thing when you look into it too ofttimes This, I believe effectively tars conlonialism and conquest with the equivalent brush as he is describing colonialism while give tongue to conquest. I feel he is saying that the two be indestinguishable and that anybody who fag define them is stuck on the creative thinker he goes on to mention belief in the idea something you female genital organ set up, and bow fine-tune before I think he is saying that as long as people can hide behind the idea of colonialism and tell it apart from conquest they are happy but in essence the two are the same. Conrad might be saying that although we live in a polite age we are no different to the Ro patch conquerors. I believe this shows that Conrad is not racist as he is sa ying that taking away the earth from those who have a different complexion or slightly flatter noses than ourselves is wrong.This is a very anti-racist statement and Conrad would have been saying something way ahead of his time. Marlow is a mouth gash for Conrad in the sense that they have experienced the same things to the extent where even the characters names are the same When in the Congo, Conrad took over a steam boat formerly captained by a man called Frieslieben (Fresleven in the book), and he had to go and retrieve a man called Kurtz (same name, also in the book). In other book when asked of the likenesses between him and Marlow he said. It is experience pushed a little (and only very little) beyond the existing case for the perfectly legitamate I think that any reader thinking that Marlow and Conrad are one and the same would be virtually correct. This means in my view that any likenesses and quotes that Marlow does or says can be instantly linked to what Conrad believe s in, therefore it is not a factor of how similar the two are as I see them as one entity.When Heart of nighttime inaugural come out in 1899 (serialised in Blackwoods magazine) it was in an age where the western world was scrambling to colonise many African countries, where England was fighting a s Boer war and were supreme in North Africa, and it was a time when Joseph Conrad was putting his reputation and respect as an author on the table. His contemporaries could easily have dismissed his book as modernistic drip and slated him for his uncontemporary views.In this light we see that Conrads book was way ahead of its time, exploring racial discrimination and both physical and psychological journeys into the congo and into ones self. I believe it could be said that Conrad was not racist even if there is an glimmer of racist assertions in Heart of darkness because this racist view was accepted at the time, this can be said of his usage of the word spade in his novel (one of his earlier novels even had the word nigger in its title the nigger and the narcissus 1897) but as this was regularly used at the time it can be wavered as it didnt have the effect it does in todays society when spoken.Apart from this I think it is devolve that Joseph Conrad did not conform in a racist society and had seen the horror and pure incorrectness of colonialism first hand. I have shown that Conrad and Marlow are one and the same and have been led to the conclusion through beside reading of the opening of heart of darkness that Conrad is not, as Chinua Achebe states, a bloody racist. In fact I believe the opposite statemen could be made Conrad was a minority voice speaking out against racism through his character Marlow in a time where racism was rife.I believe I am right because the evidence against Conrad is scarce and what little textual evidence there is can mostly be put down to ignorance which in my opinion can be let go, due to the fact that his general message is an anti-racist one. I feel people who think that Joseph Conrad is racist based on Heart of darkness is wrong because of the reasons stated. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Joseph Conrad section.

Changes in Prisons in Twentieth Century in Britain Essay Example for Free

Changes in Prisons in 20th Century in Britain EssayIn 20th century a lot of important changes was make in Britain prison trunk. A lot of crucial moves in this matter were do, which made changes to the system, and create the rate of flow system in prisons. A lot of reports and changes plans were made in this crucial for the matter fulfilment.The beginning for this period was made in 1895 with Gladstone report, which was highly critical of the actual penal policy. It criticised existing regimes for crushing self respect and starving all honorable instinct. The report argued that correctation should coexist with deterrence and that rehabilitation should be given priority. Victorians focused upon repression and punishment. They used inflexible and punitive methods of control. Gladstone felt these should be replaced with more scientific methods of discourse.In addition, prison commissioners for the first eon in 1898, defined the purpose of prison as the humanization of t he individual1. Sir Evelyn Ruggles-Brise insisted that each man convicted of crime is to be regarded as an individual, as a separate entity of morality, who by the applications programme of influences, of discipline, labour, education, moral and religious, backed up on discharge by a well organised system of patronage is capable of reinstatement in civic life2.Weiner (1990) stated, It is now recognised that primitive measures alone ar non corrective, and effective reformation of criminals can only be attained by making our prisons true schools and moral hospitals. Forsythe (1991) argues that young projects practically fell short of the claims made for them. He says that in particular, the local and convict prisons clung doggedly to the concepts of metrical punishment, moral culpability, limited deterrence and uniformly administered discipline. It is a fact that the process of reform was often slow and not al all easy to perceive.From 1900 onwards a routine of radical changes w ere made to the standard prison regime 1) Unproductive labour was officially abandoned and replaced by prison industries and create considered useful, 2) The separate system was gradually eroded, allowing prisoners to work in association, 3) Education was increased and improved, 4) Internal discipline was kept up(p) through a reward/punishment system related to the introduction of remission, 5) Specialists such as psychologists were appointed, 6) prisoner categorisation was extended, 7) The Borstal system was introduced for juveniles, 8) A commitment to reformation became enshrined in the Prison dominate that stipulated that the purpose of handcuffs was to encourage prisoners to lead a good and useful life3, 9) During the 1930s the treadmill and arrows on convict uniforms were abolished. jibe to Garland (1985) the most radical reforms of this era took place outside of the prison system 1) The introduction of the probation service, 2) Alternatives to men emerged, 3) Construction of specialist institutions4. Garland views these major transformations as the beginnings of our current practice. Garland prefers to talk of developments in a whole realm of penality rather than prison reform5.Additionally, in 1908 Borstals6 were put on a statutory basis implemented by Herbert Gladstone. The name Borstal comes from the village in Kent where the first Borstal scheme got its first full-scale audition. Borstals took incline public schools as their model and their sentences were indeterminate. Criminals aged mingled with 16 21 could be sent to Borstal for between one and three years. The prison Commission could release on licence at any time by and by six months (or three months for girls) and could also recall for misbehaviour. Borstal faltered after 1945 really because success rates were measured by reconviction rates. 1982 the administration of Margaret Thatcher formally abolished the Borstal and replaced it with the Youth Custody Centre with determinate sen tences of imprisonment.Paterson7 replaced military type cooking with delegated authority and encouragement of personal responsibility. Staffs wore civilian clothing and were encouraged to get to know the lads personally considered new in the 1920s. The Borstal notion of culture prisoners through personal relations, trust and responsibility gradually had an impact on the prison system as a whole. Two borstal elements were transplanted into the adult system with long lasting effect1. 1936 the first minimum-security (open) prison was established at New Hall, near Wakefield.2. The housemaster was renamed assistant governor.The post war developments where round the Easier bail, Probation, Time to pay fines, a reduction in time to be served for a partial defrayment of fines, Reformatories for juveniles, Curtailment of imprisonment for debt and, More facilities for the insane and for habitual drunkards.In 1928 the then Home Secretary had expound Dartmoor convict prison as the cesspo ol of English humanity I suppose there must be some residuum which no training or help will ever improve8. moreover in 1948 Paterson and his colleagues framed Criminal justice Act. This was a highly influential piece of legislation.Borstal had represented the confrontation view and resurrected the possibility of reformatory prison. Borstals and Detention Centres began to lose favour neither for deterrence or reform was the short sentence acceptable. This is one of the elements in the English prison-crowding crisis which became acute in the 1970s and 1980s and with which the untaught is still wrestling.Deterrence Youth prisons known as Detention Centres were intended to subject boys (and half-heartedly, girls) who were thought to be on the verge of a custodial career to a last chance short, sharp, shock. Separate institutions for pre trial prisoners were planned but never created these would be custodial but non-penal institutions. Due to the war, there were no bills and little sympathy for unconvinced detainees. McConville states that thick skins and short purses ever since arouse ensured that English pre trial prisoners were enured worse than they were for virtually all of Victorias reign and much worse than their fellows who were convicted and sentenced. The 1960s and early 1970s are seen as the beginning of the crisis years with British prisons.At last we can refer to System of Concentration. Mountbatten referred to the translucent advantages of an island prison holding all prisoners who posed a threat. A new prison was to be build on the Isle of Wight. This was rejected and the dispersal system became the preferred way of housing inmates.Since early 1966 new measurements of security have been implemented in selected prisons. Between 1969 and 1979 the prison service went through a number of riots. 70s and 80s dogged with accusations of brutality and violence directed at prisoners from the prison staff. Serious disturbances and riots had occurred i n maximum-security prisons, which had led to reprisals against prisoners. British riots occurred within the new dispersal system Parkhurst 1969, Albany 1971 1972, Gartree 1972, Hull 1976, and Gartree 1978.Hull riot will go down in history, as it was the prison staff who were ultimately tried and convicted. Special control units were introduced after the Gartree riot of 1972 for troublemakers over and above the existing segregation units. 1970s represent the years when reform and treatment had dwindled away and the whole prison system ran on the notion that nothing works. By 1978 both the courts and the prisons were in danger of serious collapse. Industrial relations were poor with prison staff. May Committee 1979 reported as a response to the previous troubled decade. They explored the issues of what the aim of imprisonment was they agreed that the rhetoric of treatment and training had had its day. Finally, King and Morgan proposed the term humane containment1. Minimum use of cust ody2. Minimum use of security3. Normalisation.The current organisation of the prison system is heavily influenced by past practice. This has shaped the system that we now have today. So, it is difficult to assess progress of 20th Century. Harsh and punitive experience of prison overrides any report of progressive treatment. Biggest rises can be seen from 1974 onwards. It is a fact that this matter is very important and serious for the indian lodge and has to be developed according to the needs of the society according to its progress at times.BIBLIOGRAPHY1. Goffman, E. (1961) Asylums, Essays on the well-disposed Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates. Harmondsworth2. Jones, K. (1993) Asylums and After A Revised History of the Mental Health function from the Early Eighteenth Century to the 1990s.3. Morris, N and Rothman, D.J (eds). (1995) The Oxford History of the Prison. Oxford University Press.4. Porter, R. (2002) Madness A Brief History. Oxford University Press.1 Weine r, 1990.2 Ruggles-Brise quoted in Garland 1985.3 Prison Rule 6 in 1949 but Prison Rule 1 since 1964.4 such as Borstal where principles of rehabilitation were initiated.5 the prison was decentred, shifted from its position as the interchange and predominant sanction to become one institution among many in an extended grid of penal sanctions. Of course it continued to be of major importance, but it was now deployed in a different manner, for a narrower section of the criminal population and often as a back up sanction for otherwise institutions, rather than a place of first resort.6 The Borstal System.7 Alexander Paterson.8 Sir William Joynson-Hicks.

Comparative Study of Personal Financial Planning Essay Example for Free

Comparative Study of Personal Financial cooking EssayIt is generally seen that people have a misconception that financial preparation is about saving more and spending less but that is not the case, it is more about saving the right add up so that judgment of conviction to come goals can be met. The objective of financial planning is * To ensure that the right amount of coin is available in right hands at right point of time in the future to achieve the desired goals and objectives. It * Provides direction and meaning to your financial decisions. * It allows you to understand how each financial decision you go for affects other areas of your finances. Financial planning and investments can be undertaken by anyone with a clear assessment of ones inflow of funds and the goals that need to be achieved from time to time. Keywords Financial planning, wealth management, investment instruments, real estate world Financial planning is achieving your financial goals in the most efficient manner. The broad areas of financial planning acknowledge Investment planning-Your wealth will only grow over time if you have invested it in assets. Investment planningdeals with the kind of investments an individual should invest in to modernize the best out of his wealth.In this the risk and return profiling of an individual is done based on his life stage, spending requirements with rate to his income and wealth, time horizon and liquidity requirements and various individual specific constraints. Investment grooming is important because it helps you to gather the maximum benefit from your investments. Cash flow planning In simple terms, cash flow refers to the inflow and outflow of cash. It is a record of your income and expenses. Though this sounds simple, very few people actually take time out to find out what comes in and what goes out of their hands each month.Cash flow planning refers to the process of identifying the major expenditures in future (both shor t-term and long-term) and making planned investments so that the required amount is accumulated within the required time frame. Cash flow planning is the first thing that should be done prior to starting an investment exercise, because only then will you be in a position to know how your finances look like, and what is it that you can invest without causing a strain on yourself. It will also enable you to understand if a particular investment matches with your flow requirement 3. hideaway planning Retirement planning means making sure you will have enough money to live on after retiring from work. Retirement should be the best period of your life, when you can literally sit back and relax or enjoy your life by reaping benefits of what you earn in so many years of hard work. But it is easier said than done. To achieve a hassle-free retired life, you need to make heady investment decisions during your working life, thus putting your hard-earned money to work for you in future. Pla nning for retirement is as important as planning your career and marriage.Life takes its own course and from the poorest to the wealthiest, no one gets spared. We get older every day, without realizing. However, we assume that old age is never going to touch us. The future depends to a great extent on the choices you make today. Right decisions with the help of proper financial planning, taken at the right time will assure smile and success at the time of retirement. Retirement Planning acquires added importance because of the fact that though longevity has increased, the number of working years havent.Tax planning Tax equivocation is illegal but tax minimization is legal. Thus you can reduce your tax liability by planning effectively. With proper tax planning you can increase your after tax income. 5. Children future planning- It is substantial to plan for the future of your children. The purpose of Childrens Future Planning is to create a corpus for foreseeable expenditures s uch(prenominal) as those on higher education and wedding and to provide for an adequate security cover during their developing years. Savings alone is no longer enough.

Essay on Virtue Essay Example for Free

set about on Virtue EssayFor most religious state it is 1 of the main goals in their vitalityspan to live after the guidelines of virtue and show demeanor with high moral standards. Virtue means goodness, morality, integrity, arrogance E realthing that Randle McMurphy is not at the first subject in One Flew Over the Cuckoos draw penny-pinching. His character opposes all classic characteristics of virtue and roughly speaking he fails to survive in the end. thence is it important to be stark(a)? I guess that although virtue is coming out of fashion in todays culture, it is a necessary, daily subdivision in our lifespan. For most mint virtue isnt the coolest kid in town. If someone announces that theyre giving up on dating, spending property on nice c spilehes and to overall work on becoming a more than spotless person, one impart be labeled as a freak someone maybe as well religious that has a screw loose somewhere. Being innocuous rotter be boring because you father to control and put yourself in the background in a time when most teenagers and adults live their life for the public.One volition sit in a nice restaurant with a plate more like art than food in front of them, but instead of enjoying their meal and talking with their friends, population will take a picture to display on instagram or facebook showing other battalion how good their life is. Being stark and a little bit crazy is a strangely attractive characteristic nowadays. Along the lines of good girls go to heaven. Bad girls go everywhere. In OFOTCN McMurphy is that kind of crazy, wicked person. Although he fails to fit into society, it is hard to argue that he is not polarizing, fun and strangely likeable.When Murphy is asked why people believe he might be mentally ill, he bluntly says, Well, as near as I contribute figure out, its cause I, uh, fight and fuck too much. A impeccable person would never say that. moreover coming from Randle, it is oddly witty and authentic. McMurphy is not the perfect congresswoman of virtue he is the exact opposite, the how-not-to-do-it. Yet you feel yourself rooting for him, wishing that he will get through in his life. Maybe because you see good in him even though you have to dig by a few layers, or maybe you be inspired by his pure love of life and spontaneity.In Addition his relationship with Chief shows true affection and care. For example when Randle is genuinely interested in Chiefs story and even asks him to run outdoor(a) with him. He builds a friendship and tail of trust where the Chief even reveals his ability to communicate. The amazing part is the fact that the Chief never mouth a word with anyone and acted dumb the entire time he was on the ward, fooling everyone. McMurphy brings a lot of joy and freshness into the sanatorium, although theyre primarily enforced with alcohol and women. He is unique and against all norms.If youve demonstrate The Catcher in The Rye, you know that McMurphy is someone who isnt phony. But all his likeability aside, McMurphy fails to run away from the psychiatric hospital and even loses his life in the end. at that placefore it shows us that it isnt really accomplishable to live in society without norms. Which brings us to the point that creation look at virtue as an element in their life in order to survive. We need and want virtue in our life, so that we back keep things in order and live a happy life. There is an invisible book of rules that most everybody knows of.Not everyone follows it, but its usually known in the name of common sense. For instance people know that it is hurtful to cheat on someone. Loyalty and honesty are elements of virtue and people live by their rule passing(a). When you promise someone to do something, you have to do it or will be labeled as irresponsible and untrustworthy. You dont have to say these things out shabby because its common sense. Elements of virtue lie so deep in our culture that theyve become everyday rates and traditions that have formed a common code for society.Beside materialistic or selfish values, we need morals and principles that leave us with something more substantial than money or success. Virtue is something that is expected of everyone, heretofore not usually voiced. Someone who is against all norms usually doesnt survive in society. The example is Randle McMurphy, who is a healthy and intelligent man. There is nothing stopping him from living a convention life, but his lineament is so impulsive and difficult that it is very hard to find virtue in him. Therefore people are quick to judge him and label him as a danger to society.He gets send to the electroshock therapy treatment because he acted impulsively and smashed a window in order to get Martinez cigarettes. Bystanders will describe this act as dangerous and violent and conclude that he is a threat. I suppose that McMurphy didnt mean any harm, but failed to think twice about what he was do ing. A virtuous person wouldve never smashed the window in the first place and therefore never gotten a punishment. We are imprinted with the knowledge that some things are right and others wrong, whereas those judgments are based on the concepts of virtue.But humans arent that easy and the way society recognise this concept has its flaws. All humans are distinct in their personas and stories, but no one is better than the other. In OFOTCN everyone in the psychiatric hospital is very different from the other, but they each have their pluses and minuses. The nurses arent more virtuous than the patients, which is shown in the irresponsible way of Nurse Ratched that ultimately resulted in Bibbets death. But for society it might seem that she showed virtuous behavior in forms of honesty.It might seem unfair that those Looneys are locked up either in the prison or sanatorium because they dont behave in an acceptable manner. What do you think you are, for Chrissake, crazy or somethin? Well youre not Youre not Youre no crazier than the average asshole out walkin around on the streets and thats it. McMurphy is the one to voice out that the people in the hospital are no less valuable than the normal people. It is ironic that especially Randle, who seems to be dangerous and aggressive, to say something that true and tolerant.We see that the patients have accepted and believe the opinion of the society. So has the hospital, that just strictly follows the daily routine, shocks patients if theyre not obedient and dont put visible effort in genuinely helping them. Nurse Ratched says, The best thing we can do is go on with our daily routine. right after Bibbets death and McMurphys wag surgery. For society it is easy to say that someone is dingy according to his or her moral standard and integrity.But not every person is born into a nice environment, a loving family or prosperity. There is much more to a persons life that forms their character, way of thinking and thus value of virtue. We see that McMurphy is by no means a purely malicious character but a fun-loving guy who loves life. Yet his way of dealing with things put him in trouble and difficulty. It is very important to understand and have virtue in your life, because even though we often neglect open and excessive virtuous behavior, it is an unspoken rule in society to behave to some extent of common virtue.It is somewhat ironically contradicting and there is just simply no scientific answer to being virtuous because there are so many factors that play a role in someones behavior. Everyone is good and bad and the lines between villain and hero are sometimes surprisingly blurred. Humans are complex beings that cant be simply categorized into wrong and right and many situations seem ambiguous depending on the perspective. That is why virtue is a great ideal but by no means a scale to critic.

Sociology Investigation Essay Example for Free

Sociology Investigation EssayWith the do of covert participant bill and study of secondary data, I will be analyzing and investigation the fountainhead Why do girls do better at school than boys? I will come to a conclusion on whether this question is correct and if it is true or not, and then explaining the reasons why they do better or why they do not. Hypothesis We believe that girls do better in school and this is because most girls bottomland multi task and conceive almost their future much more than boys who be trying to live in the moment. Boys ar also socialized into beingness violent and being slightly rebellious so will not concentrate enough in lessons. Girls are however socialized to be obedienceable and get a dangerous job to help the family and also to be sensible so they can raise children. in the end I feel girls gener all(prenominal)y can be deflect one day for many reasons tho keep quiet and everyone knows not to annoy them, merely on the othe r hand boys if they get distracted tend to disturb everyone around them. Why do girls do better thanInvestigation Discussion of vicarious Data In some enquiry it highlights how boys by the age of eight are meant to harbour espouse these boys by the age of eight are meant to have adopted these perceptions and that from that age the perceptions and that from that age the gap surrounded by intelligence is visible. They saw that boys could become products of self-fulfilling prophecy. The research also shows that boys lag lowlife girls in nearly all subjects at A-level and GCSE.Girls from reception to year 5 said that girls were cleverer, performed better and more focused and respectful. Boys in reception, yr1 and yr2 had an relate split between boys and girls and in yr3 they all said girls were better showing as they get one- term(a) the gap is bigger and more visible to see. Adults that also believe girls do better the research showed. In a separate investigation two groups we held both full of boys, the low was told that girls performed better than girls and the second were not.The first group performed significantly worse than the second. This could show how their poor performance could be because of low expectations of teachers. Stats 25. 5% of entries by girls were A/A* compared with 19. 5% for boys. The gap narrows at A-level, with 27. 6% of entries which are girls were awarded A/A* compared with 26. 1%. Method I am going to use covert participant posting to investigate my conjecture. This will involve assimilateing a lesson and recording notes on how behavior and attention differ between boys and girls.I will make sure that no one knows Im doing this so they dont change their behavior to make them look better or alter what they would do because they know they are being watched. It important to control these to make accurate results are noted down. I will then record my results in a need and structure paragraph using qualitative analysis. I am also going to do a survey asking an equal amount of boys and girls from a epitome of years asking if they think boys or girls do better in school.This will be good to do as a comparison could be made between my results and secondary data. The pros of this method are that we can easily compare secondary data and also with the survey being quantitative we can make a graph and with the qualitative data we can make a clear and small conclusion. The cons are when asking the survey it whitethorn be hard to get real opinions as boys may say boys do better in school because of their honor but really they believe girls do better.Ethical issues Some issues I might face with this investigation is the use of covert participant bill because some multitude may feel they are being involved with something they dont deficiency to be involved with and that we are going behind their back as we have not asked them to be involved. They may not feel comfortable with being involved and we have to think about and respect that. Finally if we are watching teacher they may not feel that it appropriate for us to watch them and make notes as they are our elders and they may believe we are judging them.Pilot Study I made my first pilot study in the first lesson of planning. Something I noticed were that the group behind us of all girls was planning and mind mapping ideas about how they could go about their investigation and started typography the norms. However the group of boys at the back we getting distracted said they would do it after the holiday and were clearly bored so tried to practice the covert participant observation method but were laughing and not doing it properly by as they were laughing and we knew they were watching us In bring out automatically changing our behavior towards them. military rank of pilot study From the pilot study we see that our hypothesis was correct and girls are more focused which maybe a reason why they have been shown to do better in sc hool than boys. The study also highlighted how if you are caught using covert participant observation then people will change their behavior distracting them as well from their work also indirect my ideas about how boys distract everyone around them when they are bored. Presentation of results Notes * Girls seemed to settle in a lot speedy than boys. * More boys got more penalties than girls * Boys asking for pens and equipment Couples of boys and girls work better than two boys sitting together *Boys seen to distract a lot of people around then and the all class are disturbed and the teacher had to go * Boys are always the once making funny comments and trying to be the jokers * Some boys got a gravid result in the end of term test they seem to just be fine with it and pull down use it as something to laugh about, also some girls do that and on one hand they may have struggled and then they get help but on the other they do sometimes use it as an excuse maybe just because th ey didnt revise or concentrate in lessons deduction and discussion of results My results strongly collaborate my hypothesis as they indicate that boys behavior is a lot worse than those of girls and this I feel is directly related to the lower grades on average that girls get.My results also show how boys have been socialized into being the class clowns and that to be popular they have to make rude or scratchy comments that people laugh at. This highlights the idea about some boys just thinking about the current time and not there future, whereas on the other hand girls are thinking about their future. On the whole my results did collaborate with my hypothesis and from the results I got I feel girls are more focused and doing this investigation undefended my eyes up to this fact and how boys do seem to be a lot less daunted and this in turn affects their school in terms of grades and results they receive at the end of their schooling lives.Evaluation of method I used covert pa rticipant observation to gather qualitative information, this gave me detailed results that a structured conclusion would be made from. There were no problems with the use of the covert participant observation method and at the end I also spoke to some people and told them they had been filmed, they seemed fine about it but I was weary that some people may have not liked being watched and that is understandable so I was careful. The use of the survey allowed me to compare data that was gathered in research and the results we found out. Although next time I feel I could have asked a wider range of people and also a wider range of ages because students can often lie to make their sex or the antonym sex seem better and have biases because of one reason or another.

Case study of yellow auto company Essay Example for Free

Case study of yellow auto company EssayKelly and two other western sandwichers operative in Japan on the kilobyte program had a dispute with their Nipponese supervisor everyplace nauseating leave. This report aims to analyze the decisions and issues in the caseful study from a personality and values perspective.The come across decisions identify atomic number 18 in relation to enlisting, subjugate and training. The thou program did not require the tiptop open firedidates to prevail any knowledge of Japanese. The salaries acquire by the honey oil participants wereconsidered unfair by their Japanese colleagues. The resolve received by the JET participants were ambiguous and imprecise. In addition, the Japanese employees in the host institution anticipate the foreigners to lap up like the Japanese p confabulateably than following the terms of their contract. The program provided pre-departure training for JET participants, just did not provide the homogeneous l evel of training for Japanese employees on how to drill with foreigners.Based on Hofstedes Framework, it is found that the weaknesses of the decisions were mainly payable to the divergences in values of Japanese and western cultures. Japan is a society with high power distance, extremely high unbelief avoidance, strong collectivism, strong masculinity and a long-term vision, whereas western societies capture almost the opposite values. The seniority-based wage system, livenesstime employment, the expectation to conform to amicable norms, dedication to work, loyalty to the employers and a male-dominated workplace atomic number 18 both features of the Japanese management system that the JET participants were unaware of.It is recommended that the JET program reassess its recruitment policy to include Japanese as a compulsory requirement for candidates, and adjust the salary package to reflect the seniority-based culture. It is also recommended to draft a rigid contract to a void any ambiguity. In addition to making the pre-departure training compulsory, Japanese employees should receive the same level of cross-cultural training. Moreover, better Personality-Job fit and Person-Organization fit may be achieved if applicants personalities are taken into account in the recruitment process.- 7 1. INTRODUCTIONKelly, Mark, Andrea and Suzanne, all in their 20s, were chartered by the JET program to work in Japan. During their placement, there was a bitter dispute amongst them and Mr. Higashi, the supervisor of the foreign JET participants, over offensive leave. This report aims to explore the criticaldecisions and issues in this case from a personality and values perspective. Firstly, the critical decisions regarding recruitment, contract and training ordain be analyzed. Secondly, there will be a discussion of the issues in national culture, values and personality. Finally, recommendations will be provided to facilitate futurity improvement.2. CRITICAL DECI SIONS2.1 Key Decision 1 RecruitmentThe JET program made the decision of hiring internal English speakers to assist in foreign language teaching in Japan. The positions of Coordinator for International relations (CIR) and ancillary Language Teacher (ALT) both indispensable the candidates to have a university degree and an interest in Japan. CIRs were required to have a functional knowledge of Japanese, but ALTs were not required to do so. The above recruitment decision recognized the importance of native-speakers in foreign language teaching and the educational background of the candidates, however, the escape of Japanese language requirement for ALTs was a fundamental flaw in the recruitment decision. This language bar caused difficulty in communication amidst the Japanese employees and JET participants. In addition, Mr. Higashi had to act as an vox because he was the only person who could speak English.Kelly, Mark, Andrea and Suzanne were young and inexperienced, yet they w ere stipendiary the same salary as Japanese supervisors in the host institution. According to Adhikari (2005) and Hofstede (1993), Japan has a unique culture in which employees salaries are based on seniority rather than position. It is therefore unsurprising that the Japanese employees, all worked for much than 20 years in their career, felt uncomfortable about the salary of the JET participants. 2.2 Key Decision 2 ContractAll the JET participants in the office had a standard North American contract which constitute out the working hours, number of vacation days and sick leave they were entitled to. however after Kelly, Mark and Suzanne fell ill, they wereforced to use 2 paid vacation days rather than sick leave, which caused a serious tension between the JETs and Mr. Higashi.The strength of the contract was that it stated a set of rules for the JET participants to follow, but the weakness was that it was not rigorously written. Shaules (2008) argues that western contracts are explicit and detailed, whereas Japanese contracts can be flexible and open to interpretation. This cultural difference is reflected in the contract received by the JET participants.The definitions of paid leave, paid vacations and special holidays were ambiguous and they seemed to be used interchangeably within the contract. parting 1 of Article 11 says that the JET participants are entitled to 20 paid holidays, but divide 3 of Article 12 says that the special holidays (including sick leave) are paid holidays. Depending on the interpretation of paid holidays and special holidays, these two clauses either contradict with each other or repeat themselves.Apart from the phrase of the contract, the ability to honour the contract was also problematic. Although the JET participants acted within the terms of their contract, their Japanese colleagues still expect them to stay past 5pm on weekdays and work on Saturdays. The contract said that a doctors certificate was only required if the JET participants took three or more consecutive days of sick leave, but Mr. Higashi asked Kelly to bring in the note even though she only took 2 days sick leave. 2.3 Key Decision 3 TrainingThe Conference of Local Authorities for International Relations (CLAIR) provided the JET participants with lots of information about working and living in Japan, and offered pre-departure training sessions about life in Japan and its potential problems.The strength of the above decision was that it recognized the cultural differences of Japan and western countries and the challenges faced by those JET participants working in Japan. The weaknesses of the decision were thatit did not stag the pre-departure training sessions compulsory, and it did not offer similar training sessions for Japanese employees on the cultural differences and problems of working with westerners.The consequences of the above weaknesses were that Kelly found herself in unfamiliar and difficult situations because she had n o experience or knowledge of the Japanese workplace. Had she at unraveled the training sessions, she would have been better prepared for the difficulties of working in another country. Similarly, due to poor knowledge and understanding, the Japanese colleagues disapproved the omit of commitment of the JET participants, and did not know how to deal with them in an effective and harmonious manner. If the Japanese employees had received training on working with westerners, they would have had a better working relationship with the JET participants.3. ISSUES3.1 topic Cultures and ValuesThe weaknesses of the primordial decisions discussed in Section 2 mainly rooted from the differences in national cultures and values. Hofstedes (1980, 1983, 1991, 1993, 2001) Framework for Assessing Cultures provides a theoretical ground for cross cultural management and research. The framework place quintet value dimensions of national culture power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individuality/co llectivism, masculinity/femininity, and long/short-term orientation. The clump Framework (House, et al., 2001 House, Javidan and Dorfman, 2002 Javidan, et al., 2005 Robbins and Judge, 2007) further extended Hofstedes Framework to include assertiveness, in- classify collectivism, performance orientation and humane orientation.Because the JET participants in the case study came from Canada, Great Britain and United States, the western cultures and values discussed below will refer to these specific countries. According to Hofstedes (2001) findings, Japan has a higher power distance than western cultures, although the difference is not significant. However, Japan ranked notably higher inuncertainty avoidance, collectivism, masculinity and long-term orientation. 3.1.1 berth DistanceJapan has a seniority-based promotion and reward management system and a highly hierarchal society in general (Adhikari, 2005 Oishi, et al. 2005 Shaules 2008). This is mainly influenced by the Confucian va lues which underscore hierarchy and harmony. Mr. Higashi acted more like a father than a manager, because in a traditional Confucian family, the father is the cope and always at the top of the hierarchy. Unaware of these Japanese values, the JET participants constantly challenged the authority of their supervisors. As a result, the Japanese employees working at the senior level were annoyed that these inexperienced young foreigners were hired to dissever them how to do their jobs. Moreover, paying a manager-level salary to these young foreigners were also against the Japanese norm of a seniority-based salary system. 3.1.2 Uncertainty AvoidanceAdhikari (2005), Brightman (2005) and Shaules (2008) all agree that Japanese culture expects everyone to conform to companionable norms and discourages individualism. This confirms the high uncertainty avoidance in Japanese society as claimed by Hofstede. Uncertainty avoidance was the reason wherefore Mr. Higashi insisted to deal with the foreign JETS in the Japanese way. Because Mr. Higashi had lived all his life in Japan, the belief of conforming to social norms was fatly rooted in him. Shaules (2008) asserts that Japanese prefer to resolve conflicts in an indirect and mediated manner, whereas westerners tend to adopt a direct rule-based approach. This explains why the JET participants clearly referred to the contract and tried to resolve the sick leave issue with Mr. Higashi in a direct manner. On the other hand, even though Mr. Higashi was extremely agitated, he still chose to resolve the matter through the accountant rather than clarifying it there and then. 3.1.3 collectivismVarious literature (Adhikari, 2005 Brightman, 2005 Javidan et al., 2005 Lucier et al., 1992 Oishi et al., 2005 Shaules, 2008 Wang et al., 2005) claims that Japan is a highly collective society, which means that the needs of a group are always viewed as more important than individual needs, andindividuals are expected to sacrifice their o wn needs if there is a conflict between them. On the contrary, western societies tend to encourage individualism (Hofstede, 1991 Javidan et al., 2005). Scholars believe that the strong level of collectivism in Japan is due to the influence of Confucian values, which emphasize group orientation, relationships between individuals and showing respect (Fang, 2003, Wang et al., 2005 Yan, 2004). This explains why Japanese employees are so dedicated to their work and have great loyalty to their employers, whereas the JET participants prefer to use every single day of their holiday and fulfil their personal goals. 3.1.4 MasculinityJapan ranked No.1 in masculinity in Hofstedes (2001) findings. Women practically leave their work to look after the family after getting married, therefore, very few women work at the senior management level in Japan (Adhikari, 2005 Kei et al., 2010). This was the reason why all senior Japanese employees in the JET program were men. This also explains why Mr. Hig ashi kept asking Kelly to sign up to height arranging classes or tea ceremony, as these were traditionally considered womens activities. 3.1.5 Long-term OrientationJapan has a long-term oriented culture whereas western cultures tend to be short-term oriented (Lucier et al., 1992 Fang, 2003). One of the key characteristics of Japanese-style management is lifetime employment (Adhikari, 2005 Lucier et al., 1992). This was why the Japanese employees and supervisors all complained that the JET participants were never long exuberant to become part of the team, as they viewed the organization as a long-term family. On the other hand, Kelly had a short-term aim to make money, see the other part of the world and improve her Japanese. With this mismatch between the goals of the Japanese and western employees, neither of them could understand each other. 3.2 PersonalityThe Big Five baby-sit identified five factors of personality extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism an d openness to experience (Robbins and Judge, 2007 Roccas et al., 2002). It was clear that the JET participants and the Japanese employees had very variant personalities. For example, Mark is an introvert who prefers to work alone, whereas mostJapanese employees tend to be extroverts who enjoy social gatherings after work. Mr. Higashi and other Japanese employees are highly conscientious whereas the JET participants are less so. The JET participants have lower emotional stability because they tend to get angry and distressed easily.In order to attach employee job satisfaction and reduce turnover, Holland (1996) and Gardner et al. (2012) promote the theory of Personality-Job fit and Person-Organization fit. This means to fit an individuals personality with the characteristics of the job and the organization. The JET program should learn from the issues identified in this report and aim to enlarge the Personality-Job fit and Person-Organization fit in its future recruitment process. 4. CONCLUSIONThis report analyzed the critical decisions and issues in the case study from a personality and values perspective. The analysis was mainly based on Hofstedes Framework, together with the Big Five Model, clod Framework and Hollands Person-Job Fit theory. It has been identified that the weaknesses of the decisions were mainly due to the lack of mutual understanding in culture and values. Different personalities also affected the harmony of the work relationship in this case. The next section will list the recommended actions in order to overcome the weaknesses identified in the analysis.5. RECOMMENDATIONSThe JET program is advised to take the following actions1. to introduce Japanese language requirements for all JET participants 2. to assess the applicants personality in order to increase Personality-Job fit and Person-Organization fit 3. to revise the salary package of JET participants so that they receive less salary than the Japanese supervisors 4. to appoint a at torney experienced in employment contract to draft a detailed and rigorous contract 5. to make pre-departure training and orientation a compulsory requirement for JET participants 6. to provide cross-cultural training to Japanese employees 7. to consider extending themaximum term of the JET participants contract or even consider offering constant positions.- 7 REFERENCESAdhikari, D. R. (2005) National Factors and Employment Relations in Japan, Japan Institute of Labour Policy and Training, Tokyo. useable from accessed 30/10/2013.Brightman, J.D. (2005) Asian Culture Brief Japan, National Technical Assistance Centre, 2(6), available from accessed 31/10/2013Fang, T. (2003) A critique of Hofstedes fifth national culture dimension, International daybook of Cross heathenish Management, 3(3), pp.347-368.Gardner, W.L., Reithel, B.J., Cogliser, C.C., Walumbwa, F.O. and Foley, R.T. (2012), Matching personality and organizational culture effects of recruitment strategy and the Five-Factor M odel on Subjective Person-Organization Fit, Management Communication Quarterly, 26(4), pp.585-622.Hofstede, G. (1980) Cultures Consequences International Differences in Work-related Values. Beverly Hills, CA Sage.Hofstede, G. (1983) Dimensions of National Cultures in Fifty Countries and Three Regions, In J.B. Deregowski, S. Dziurawiec and R.C. Annis (eds.) Expiscations in Cross-cultural Psychology, pp. 335-355. Lisse Swets and Zeitlinger.Hofstede, G. (1991) Cultures and Organizations Software of the Mind. London McGraw-Hill.Hofstede, G. (1993) Cultural Constraints in Management Theories, Academy of Management Executive, 7(1), pp. 81-94.Hofstede, G. (2001) Cultures Consequences Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations across Nations. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage.Holland, J.L. (1996) Exploring careers with a typology What we have learned and some new directions, American Psychologist, 51, pp.397-406.House, R., Javidan, M.,Hanges, P. and Dorfman, P. (2001) Project GLOBE A n Introduction, use Psychology An international Review, 50(4), pp.489-505.House, R., Javidan, M. and Dorfman, P. (2002) Understanding cultures and implicit leadership theories across the globe an introduction to project GLOBE, Journal of World Business, 37, pp. 3-10.Javidan, M., Stahl., G.K., Brodbeck, F. and Wilderom, C.P.M. (2005) Cross-border transfer of knowledge Cultural lessons from Project GLOBE, Academy of Management Executive, 19(2), pp. 59-76.Kei, K., Koichi, T. and Miwako, H. (2010) The thought of Japanese value orientation analysis of trends over thirty-five years, NHK Broadcasting Studies, Japan.Lucier, C., Boucher, M. White, J. Cangemi, J. and Kowalski, C. (1992) Exploring values of Japanese and American management systems, Education, 112(4), pp. 487-498. Oishi, S., Hajm, J., Schimmack, U., Radhakrishan, P., Dzokoto, V. and Ahadi, S. (2005), The measurement of values across cultures a pairwise comparison approach, Journal of Research and Personality, 39, pp.299-305.Ro bbins, S. P. and Judge, T. A. (2007) organisational Behaviour, 12th Ed. New Jersey Prentice Hall.Roccas, S. Sagiv, L., Schwarts, S.H. and Knafo, A. (2002) The Big Five personality factors and personal values, PSPB, 28(6), pp.789-801.Shaules, J. (2008) The deep culture of Japanese values, tcworld, available from accessed 30/10/2013.Wang, J., Wang, G.G., Ruona, W.E.A. and Rojewski, J.W.(2005), Confucian values and the implications for international HRD, military man Resource Development International, 8(3), pp.311-326.Yan, J. (2004) The influence of Confucian ideology on conflict in Chinese family rail line, International Journal of Cross Culture Management, 4(1), pp. 5-17.